Hunting Down Social Darwinism Will This Canard Go Extinct

The Ethologists’ UnpaidDebtsto Spencerand Sumner 297

interviewedFarmeras researchfor his characterin the 1993movieJurassicPark, as his character,Ian
Malcolm,was an expertin the ChaosTheorythat Farmerco-founded.

88. J. DoyneFarmerinterviewedin J. Brockman1995c,367–68. I firstlearnedof Farmer’s acknowledg-
    mentof SpencerfromM. M. Waldrop 1993 tradepaperback,286.Withrespectto Farmer’s ideasabout
    self-organizingsystems,the sourcesays,“In fact,he [Farmer]says,youcouldevenfindthe sameissues
    latentin the workof HerbertSpencer,the EnglishphilosopherwhohelpedpopularizeDarwin’s theory
    backin the 1860sby coiningsuchphrasesas ‘survivalof the fittest,’ and whosawDarwinianevolutionas
    just a specialcaseof a broaderforcedrivingthe spontaneousoriginof structurein the universe.”


89. J. Brockman1995a,67.


90. J. Brockman1995c,373–74.


91. J. DoyneFarmerinterviewedin J. Brockman1995c,369, in J. Brockman,ed. 1995d,369.


92. E. Regis2003,154–55.


93. K. Kelly1994,81.


94. Gazzaniga2011,129, 124.


95. Spencer1907f,20–21. R. L. Carneiro1981,157, broughtthis statementof Spencer’s to my attention.


96. Gazzaniga2011,129–130.


97. Peikoff1993a,122. Sumner’s oppositionto naturalrightsis also notedin R. H. Gabriel1956,233.


98. WilliamGrahamSumner,“TheChallengeof Facts,” writtenin the 1880s,publishedas Sumner
    1969-A,103.


99. He usesthe exactphrase“violationsof civilliberty” to describeStateactsof spoliationin “The
    Influenceof CommercialCriseson OpinionsAboutEconomicDoctrines,” an addressto the FreeTrade
    Clubin NewYorkCity,May15, 1879,publishedas Sumner1969-E,62.
    100.WilliamGrahamSumner,“TheChallengeof Facts,” writtenin the 1880s,publishedas Sumner
    1969-A,93–96, 103–104.
    101.Notonlydid Sumnersupportlaissezfairein principle,but he alsofavoredusingthe termto
    describehis ownviews,as can be seenin Sumner,“Laissez-Faire,” fragmentof essaywrittenin the 1880s,
    publishedas Sumner1969-F,468–477.
    102.Sumner,“The ScientificAttitudeof Mind,” addressto the initiatesof the SigmaXi Societyat Yale
    University,March4, 1905,publishedas Sumner1969-L,51.
    103.Sumner,“PurposesandConsequences,” writtensometimebetween 1900 and1906,publishedas
    Sumner1969-J,17–18.
    104.Sumner1969-L,51–52.
    105.Sumner1969-J,17–18.
    106.Sumner1969-L,52.
    107.Sumner1969-J,18.
    108.Sumner1969-L,52.
    109.Sumner1969-J,18–19.
    110.Sumner,“SomeNaturalRights,”The Independent, July28, 1887,republishedas Sumner1969-M,364.
    111.Sumner,“Rights,” writtenbetween 1900 and 1906,publishedas Sumner1969-K,358.
    112.Sumner1969-M,364.
    113.Sumner1969-K,362.
    114.Sumner,“LibertyandResponsibility,Part1 of 9,”The Independenton November21, 1889,repub-
    lishedas Sumner1969-G,314.
    115.Sumner,“Libertyand Responsibility,Part3 of 9: Libertyand Discipline,”The Independent, January
    16, 1890,republishedas Sumner1969-I,320.
    116.Sumner1969-G,314.
    117.Peikoff1993a,122.
    118.Socialistsfindinginspirationin HerbertSpencer’s philosophyis mentionedin Mowry1958,47.
    119.Hofstadter1959,34.
    120.BeatriceWebb’s earlyadmirationfor Spenceris mentionedin G. Allen1894,sectionlabeledPRS.32,
    http://praxeology.net/GA-PRS.htm,accessedThursday,November22, 2007;W. Petersen1979,227; and B.
    Webb 1980 paperback,26–27.
    121.In honorof Spencer,AlfredRusselWallaceevennamedhis son HerbertSpencerWallace,according
    to Desmondand Moore1991,534; and Shermer2004,269.
    122.Hofstadter1959,34.
    123.Spencer 1978 vol. 1, pt. 1, ch. 14, sec. 97, 283–84, http://tinyurl.com/29bt4r,accessedSunday,June17,


100. 
     

     124.Peikoff1993a,122.
     125.Spencer 1978 vol. 1, pt. 1, ch. 14, sec. 92, 271,http://tinyurl.com/29bt4r,accessedSunday,June17,

     
     


101. 
     

     126.Spencer 1978 vol. 2, pt. 6, ch. 7, sec. 456,403–404,http://tinyurl.com/ypfn99,accessedSunday,June
     17, 2007.
     127.Spencer 1978 vol. 2, pt. 6, ch. 8, sec. 459,411,http://tinyurl.com/34p5pk,accessedSunday,June17,

     
     


102.