Liriomyzaspp. 172, 283, 285
L. bryoniae 172, 283, 285
L. huidobrensis 172
L. trifolii172, 283, 285
Listronotus bonariensis 104
Lixophaga diatraeae 125
Lucilla cuprina90–91
Lygus hesperus 124
Lymantria dispar 149
Lysiphlebus4, 96, 136, 148, 169, 186
L. cardui96, 148
L. confusus96, 148
L. fabarum96, 148, 169
L. testaceipes4, 169, 186
Macrolophus caliginosus4, 120, 123, 169, 171, 174,
186, 220, 268, 291
Macrosiphum euphorbiae148, 172, 273, 276–277, 281
Mamestra brassicae 32
Manduca sexta237, 238, 243
Mass production of natural enemies 2–5, 10–14, 22,
35, 48, 59–67, 73, 74–76, 78–84, 91, 100–101,
115–127, 133–158, 167–178, 181–188, 209,
220, 221, 222, 233–234, 235–236, 237–240,
240–241, 241–242, 248–259, 260, 266–267,
305–314
abnormalities in artificial rearing 120
artificial rearing of natural enemies 11–12,
115–127
banker-plant release method 187–188
cannibalism in mass rearing 12, 120, 185
causes of disease infection in mass rearing
157–158
change in behaviour as result of mass rearing
48
choice of food in mass rearing 61, 67
commercial insectaries in California, history
and present 233–234
commercially available natural enemies
167–178
all available species 168–170
most commonly used species 171
compensation of small size by releasing larger
numbers 240–241
conflict mass rearing – field performance 14, 74
cost to receive goal/per reared individual 79
crashes in laboratory populations 80
criteria to be considered before starting 10
current situation commercial mass production
3–5
deleterious mutations, bottlenecks and mass
production 91
deterioration of mass reared Trichogramma 242
effectiveness of mass rearing programme 75,
84
facilities for mass production 3–5
field and laboratory performance 14, 22
harvesting, purifying, counting and
formulating natural enemies
185–186, 220
history of commercial mass production 2–3,
182
host passage of fungal biocontrol agents 249
host passage of parasitoids to improve quality
266–267
host rearing for production of viral biocontrol
agents 256–257
host quality, acceptance and oviposition
241–242
in vitroproduction of fungal biocontrol agents
248, 260
in vivoproduction of viral biocontrol agents
254–255, 260
label requirements of natural enemy packages
209, 221–222
life stage in which natural enemy is shipped
171
mass production on artificial host/diet 182
mass production, definition 181
mass production of fungal biocontrol agents
248–254, 256–257
culture maintenance 248
efficacy, virulence and product viability
251–252
nutrition 256–257
production process and contamination
monitoring 249–251
product specifications 253
production technology 248
quality control 253–254
safety and contamination 251
storage 252–253
mass production on natural host/host plant
182
mass production of Trichogramma235–236
mass production of viral biocontrol agents
254–259
culture maintenance 255–256
efficacy, virulence and product viability
258
harvesting 257
production process and contamination
monitoring 256–257
product specifications 258–259
production technology 254–255
quality control 256, 258, 259
storage 257–258, 259
maximizing quality and quantity in mass
rearing 75–76, 79–83
colony founding 79–80
colony improvement 79, 82–83
colony maintenance 79, 80–81
colony replacement 79, 81–82Index 319