0851996884.pdf

T. platneri 99, 105, 236, 240–241, 243
T. pretiosum99, 105, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125,
154, 214, 236, 237–240, 243
T.nr. sibericum 105, 154
Trichoplusia ni122, 237–238, 240, 243
Trissolcus simoni 184
Trogossita japonica 119

Unaspis yanonensis 103
Unisexual and sexual wasps in biological control
93–106, 121–122, 136–137, 142, 144, 148,
149, 150, 151 153, 154–155
advantages of unisexual wasps in biological
control 93–94, 100–102, 105, 106, 122
cheaper mass production 100, 101
easier establishment in area of release
94, 100, 102
higher rate of population increase 100
stronger reduction of host population
100, 102
cases of unisexual reproduction in natural
enemies 95–99
causes of unisexual reproduction 94–95
genetic mechanisms 94, 95
microbial infection 94–95
creation of unisexual strains from sexual
strains 93
curing Wolbachiainfections with antibiotics or
elevated temperature 122, 136
disadvantages of unisexual wasps in
biological control 102
accumulation of (deleterious) genes 102
evolutionary aspects of parasitoid–Wolbachia
relationships 95
fitness effects of Wolbachiainfection 153
incidence of unisexual reproduction in
natural enemies 95
interspecific transfer of parthenogenesis-
inducing bacteria 94
intraspecific transfer of parthenogenesis-
inducing bacteria 94, 136
model of relative population growth rate
sexuals/unisexuals 100–101

parthenogenesis-inducing bacteria 93

population increase in unisexual wasps

93–94

sex-manipulating symbiontic Wolbachia

bacteria 136–137

success of sexuals/unisexuals in biological

control 102–104

sexuals more successful than unisexuals

102

sexuals and unisexuals similar success

103–104

unisexuals more successful than sexuals

104

unisexual reproduction of natural enemies

93–106

unisexual species parasitic Hymenoptera

96–99

Wolbachia, sex ratio distorting,

parthenogenesis inducing bacteria

94–95, 121, 136–137, 142, 144, 148,

149, 150, 151, 153, 154–155

co-occurrence of infected and uninfected

wasp individuals 94–95

fixation of Wolbachiainfection in

parasitoids 94

USDA (United Stated Department of Agriculture)

194

Vairimorphasp. 149, 155

Vanessa cardui 235–236

Verticillium lecanii4, 144, 148, 156, 170

Venturia canescens95, 96

Wolbachia94, 121, 136–137, 142, 144, 148, 149, 150,

151, 153, 154–155

see alsounisexual and sexual wasps in

biological control

Xenorhabdusspp. 176

Index 327