Species

384 Index

LITUs, see Least inclusive taxonomic units
Locke, John, 70–73
Logic, nature of the species in, 33
Logical essentialism, 101
Logical individuals, 288
Lotsy, Johannes Paulus, 200–202
Lyell, Charles, 139–141

M

Magnus, Albertus, 41–43

Material essentialism, 101

Mayr, Ernst, 216–224

McDonald–Kreitman (MK) test, 259

Mechanical incompatibility, 195

Medieval bridge, 33–46

Albertus Magnus on beasts and plants, 41–43

Boëthius, 33

Frederick II, heretic falconer, 37–41

herbals and the bestiaries, 36–37

Isidore of Seville, 33

Moderate Realists, 34

Nominalists, 34

Strong Realists, 34

St. Thomas Aquinas, 43–44

universals versus nominalism, 34–36

Metamorphoses, 33

Metaphysical individuals, 288

Metapopulation, 377

Methodization, 119

Microbial species, 258–259, 330, see also

Asexual microbial species

MK test, see McDonald–Kreitman test

Moderate Realists, 34

Modern science, birth of, see Birth of modern

science, species and

Modern taxonomy, beginnings of, 64–66

Monism, pluralism versus, 280–281

Moral species, meaning and, 36–37

Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 205

Morphospecies, 305, 374

Multispecies coalescence (MSC), 236

Mutability in God’s design, 27–28

N

Natural boundaries, 293–294

Natural group (NG), 294

Natural history, late classical tradition of, 22–23

Natural kinds (NK), 16–19, 294

Neo-Platonism, 23–27

Neural network (NN) systems, 351

Neutrality Index, 259

“New” essentialisms, 301–304

Homeostatic Property Cluster kinds, 303–304

Intrinsic Biological Essentialism, 302–303

origin essentialism, 301

Nicholas of Cusa, 47–49

Nineteenth century, period of change in, 117–151

A-P de Candolle and Asa Gray, 141–142

Baron Cuvier, 127–129

Charles Lyell, 139–141

degeneration, 137

diairesis, 121

early nineteenth century, summary view of,

147

James Dana, 135–136

James Prichard, 129–130

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, 123–126

Joseph Hooker, Thomas Wollaston, and

George Bentham on logic and

d ivision, 145 –146

Louis Agassiz, 130–134

methodization, 119

miscellaneous fixist views, 138–139

nineteenth-century logic, 117–123

pre-Darwinian evolutionary views of species,

142 –14 4

Richard Owen on the unity of types, 136–137

Noah’s Ark (creation of the species rank), 56–62

Nominal essentialism, 101

Nominalism, 221

pure, 260–261

universals versus, 34–36

Nominalists, 34

Non-dimensional species, 374

Nothospecies, 259, 375

O

Ontology–epistemology aspects of species, 243

Ontology of species, 305

Operational taxonomic units (OTUs), 244, 321,

260

Origin essentialism, 301

Orthospecies, 259

Owen, Richard, 136 –137

P

Paleospecies, 263–264

Phenomenal individuals, 288

Phenomenal objects, 343–344

Phenospecies, 259–260, 375

Philosophy and species, 277–282

axiology, 277

commensurability problem, 279–280

epistemology, 277

grouping problem, 278

literature on the philosophy of species,

277–278

monism versus pluralism, 280–281

ontology, 277

operationality, 278