364 Produce Degradation: Reaction Pathways and their Prevention
TABLE 11.9
Classification of Foliage-Applied Herbicides
Mode of Action Chemical Class Representatives
Foliage-applied, systemic herbicides:
Inhibitors of branched-chain
amino acid synthesis
Imidazolinone Imazamox, imazapyr, imazethapyr
Sulfonylurea Chlorsulfuron, rimsulfuron,
sulfosulfuron
Inhibitors of aromatic amino
acid synthesis
Glycine derivative Glyphosate and its salts (sulfosate)
Inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis
(acetyl CoA carboxylase
inhibitors)
Aryloxyphenoxypropionate Cyhalofop-butyl, fluazifop-P-butyl,
haloxyfop, quizalop-P-ethyl
Cyclohexanedione oxime Clethodim, cycloxydim, sethoxydim
Synthetic auxins causing
abnormal growth
Aryloxyalkanoic acid 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, dichlorprop, MCPA,
MCPB, mecoprop
Benzoic acid Chloramben, dicamba, 2,3,6-TBA
Pyridinecarboxylic acid Clopyralid, fluroxypyr, picloram
Foliage-applied, contact herbicides:
Cell disrupters Bipyridylium Diquat, paraquat
Inhibitors of glutamine
synthetase
(photosynthesis inhibitors)
Phosphinic acid Bilanofos, glufosinate-ammonium
Inhibitors of photosynthetic
electron transport
(Hill reaction)
Benzothiadiazinone Bentazon
Hydroxybenzonitrile Bromoxynil, ioxynil
Phenylpyridazine Pyridate
Sources: Cremlyn, R.J., Agrochemicals: Preparation and Mode of Action, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.,
Chichester, 1991 and Tomlin, C.D.S., Ed. The Pesticide Manual, 12th ed., British Crop Protection Council,
Surrey, UK, 2000.
TABLE 11.10
Herbicides Used in Weed Control in Produce Production in the U.S.
Commodity Weed Preemergence Herbicides Weed Postemergence Herbicides
Fruits:
Apples Diuron, norflurazon, oryzalin,
oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin, simazine,
terbacil
2,4-D, glufosinate-ammonium,
glyphosate, paraquat, sethoxydim,
sulfosate
Cherries Napropamide, norflurazon, oryzalin,
oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin, simazine
2,4-D, glyphosate, paraquat, sulfosate
Grapes Diuron, napropamide, norflurazon,
oryzalin, oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin,
simazine, trifluralin
2,4-D, glufosinate-ammonium,
glyphosate, paraquat, sethoxydim,
sulfosate
Oranges Bromacil, diuron, norflurazon,
oxyfluorfen, simazine, thiazopyr
2,4-D, glyphosate, paraquat, sethoxydim,
sulfosate