Diapause in Pentatomoidea 563
environmentally (see Wing polyphenism). Synonym: Brachypterous adults, Brachyptery.
Antonyms: Long-winged adults, Macropterous adults, Macroptery
Signal factor: see Signal function of ecological factors
Signal function of ecological factors: reflects dual mode of action of ecological factors (primarily
temperature, but also light, food, etc.) on living organisms; some ecological factors (e.g., day
length, thermorhythm, quality of food) can be used as signals that predict the coming seasonal
environmental changes (Tyshchenko 1980). See Vital function of ecological factors
Spontaneous diapause termination: diapause termination based on spontaneous (i.e., not induced by
external conditions, endogenous) physiological processes; equivalent and result of horotelic
process; can proceed without changes of environmental conditions
Sum of effective temperatures: sum of degree-days above the lower development threshold required
for an insect stage or the ontogenesis to complete development. Abbreviation: SET
Summer diapause: diapause that takes place in summer; one of two seasonal classes of diapause.
Synonym: Estivation. Alternative spelling: Aestivation
Summer–winter diapause: diapause that is formed in summer but does not end in autumn and instead
lasts until the end of winter. In some cases, it is likely to consist of two diapauses (i.e., summer
and winter ones) with short and hardly detectable period between them
Supercooling: the process of lowering the temperature of a liquid (i.e., water or any body liquids) below
its freezing point without it becoming a solid (i.e., ice)
Supercooling point: the temperature at which spontaneous freezing occurs in a supercooled liquid.
Synonym: Crystallization temperature. Abbreviation: SCP
Tachytelic process: fast and induced physiological process that evolves at a rate faster than in the case
of horotelic process; internal physiological process of diapause development that proceeds
under influence of change of environmental conditions and lead to induced diapause termina-
tion (see Hodek 1983, 1996, 2002). See Horotelic process
Temperature optimum of photoperiodic response: range of temperatures under which a particular
photoperiodic response manifests itself adequately and is not suppressed by too low or too
high suboptimal temperatures (e.g., in the case of long-day diapause, clear active physio-
logical state is observed under long-day conditions and apparent diapause is induced under
short-day conditions)
Termination subphase: final subphase of central diapause phase during which the intensity of dia-
pause decreases and by the end of this subphase, a usual active physiological state is mostly
reached
Thermoperiod: one of characteristics of thermorhythm; ratio between duration of thermophase (i.e.,
phase with higher temperature) and duration of cryophase (i.e., phase with lower temperature)
in daily temperature cycle
Thermophase: higher-temperature phase of the thermorhythm in laboratory experiment
Thermoregulation: ability of an organism to utilize special behavioral or physiological adaptations
in order to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding
temperature is different
Thermorhythm: (1) under field conditions, a sinusoid changes of ambient temperature during daily
cycle; (2) under laboratory conditions, experimental regime of temperature mimicking the
natural dynamics of ambient temperature during daily cycle; in a simple case, thermorhythm
(similar to photoperiod) consists of two phases (i.e., parts) – thermophase (with higher tem-
perature) and cryophase (with lower temperature), which might (or might not) coincide with
photophase and scotophase, respectively
Trivoltinism: special case of multivoltinism, characterized by development of three generations per
vegetative season or year
Trophic diapause: see Food-mediated diapause
Univoltine seasonal cycle: seasonal cycle typical for univoltine seasonal development. Synonym:
Monovoltine seasonal cycle
Univoltine seasonal development: seasonal development with completion of strictly only one genera-
tion during the vegetative season or year