562 Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea)
Seasonal cycle: specific and stable pattern of realization of the life cycle of a species or population
against the background of seasonally changing local environmental conditions; might either
include or not periods of seasonal dormancy, migrations or other seasonal adaptations.
Synonym: Annual cycles
Seasonal development: consecutive realization (i.e., completion) of generation(s) against the back-
ground of seasons in a particular location. Active seasonal development might alternate with
periods of seasonal dormancy (i.e., heterodynamic seasonal development) or might go with-
out such alteration (i.e., homodynamic seasonal development)
Seasonal food plant change: situation when during the vegetative season individuals of the same or
different generations of a particular local population consequently use different plants as food
plants (e.g., one plant species as a primary food plant in the early summer and then another
plant species as a primary food plant in the late summer)
Seasonal forms: categories of individuals in a population that look differently as a result of seasonal
morphological polyphenism; representation of seasonal morphological polyphenism.
Synonym: Seasonal morphs
Seasonal migrations: strictly regular (seasonal) migrations linked to particular stages of life cycle and
seasonal cycle, usually between breeding habitats and hibernation quarters and/or estivation
quarters; as a rule, an essential part of the seasonal cycle of a population
Seasonal morphological polyphenism: example of seasonal polyphenism when during the season,
two or more forms of the same ontogenetic stage (e.g., nymphs [larvae], pupae, or adults) exist
and differ in morphology (e.g., differ in shape, size) of the whole body or particular organs
Seasonal morphs: see Seasonal forms
Seasonal polyphenism: special case of polyphenism when changes in frequencies of phenotypes are
regular (i.e., annual, seasonal) and controlled by environmental conditions
Seasonal variation of microhabitat selection: situation when during the vegetative season, individuals of
the same or different generations of a particular local population use different microhabitats (e.g.,
one microhabitat is preferred in summer and then another microhabitat is preferred in winter)
Semivoltine seasonal cycle: seasonal cycle typical for semivoltine seasonal development
Semivoltine seasonal development: seasonal development with completion of one generation over a
period that is longer than one vegetative season or year
Semivoltinism: type of seasonal development with semivoltine seasonal cycle. See Semivoltine sea-
sonal development
Sensitive stage: developmental (i.e., ontogenetic) stage(s) during which individuals of a particular spe-
cies are sensitive to external signals (e.g., to day length). See Sensitivity to day length
Sensitivity to day length: ability of individuals to measure day length and discriminate short days
from long days
SET: see Sum of effective temperatures
Short day: for a particular population and conditions (first of all temperature), daily cycle with photo-
phase shorter than the critical photoperiod
Short-day conditions: photoperiodic conditions with photophase shorter than critical photoperiod;
for majority of insect in the Northern Hemisphere, the conditions that induce winter diapause
Short-day diapause: facultative winter diapause induced under short-day conditions in late summer
or autumn in the Northern Hemisphere; in laboratory, such diapause usually can be induced
under short-day conditions
Short-day photoperiodic response: see Short-day type photoperiodic response of diapause induction
Short-day type photoperiodic response of diapause induction: photoperiodic response which
induces active physiological state under short-day conditions and facultative diapause
under long-day conditions; a typical photoperiodic response in populations that have facul-
tative summer diapause and bivoltine or univoltine seasonal development. More common
in insects living in tropical and subtropical regions; rare in the Temperate Zone. Synonym:
Short-day photoperiodic response
Short-winged adults: adults with small (i.e., reduced in size, undeveloped) wings usually unsuit-
able for flight. Wing length may be controlled genetically (see Wing polymorphism) or