36 The Americas The Economist June 11th 2022
T
hirty yearsago Gilberto Rodríguez
Orejuela and his associates were the
world’s most powerful criminals, reck
oned to control 75% of cocaine ship
ments from Colombia. They adopted a
businesslike approach to a lawless trade,
often preferring bribery to violence, and
used their profits from drugs to buy legal
enterprises, from pharmacy chains to
América de Cali, a football club in their
home city. When he died on May 31st
after 18 years in an American prison, Mr
Rodríguez was barely remembered in his
home country. Yet the business which he
pioneered is stronger than ever, while
across the Americas there is palpable
fatigue with the “war” against it.
That fatigue is expressed by both the
candidates in Colombia’s presidential
runoff on June 19th. Rodolfo Hernández,
a populist of the right, has called for the
legalisation of drugs. His leftist rival,
Gustavo Petro, says his country should
recognise that the war is lost. Mexico’s
president, Andrés Manuel López Obra
dor, favours “hugs rather than bullets”
for the drug trade’s foot soldiers; arrests
of drug kingpins fell until recently. Offi
cials in the United States seem more
preoccupied with the arrival of migrants
than of cocaine. Drugrelated deaths
there continue to rise, but over 60% are
caused by fentanyl, a powerful synthetic
drug, much of which is made in Mexico.
Since the 1990s antidrug policy in the
region has had three prongs: eradicating
coca, the raw material for cocaine; the
promotion of alternative livelihoods
through “integrated rural development”,
as the jargon goes; and seizing or de
stroying drug shipments, processing
plants, chemical inputs and money.
The most visible and controversial of
the three is the eradication of coca. It is a
Sisyphean task. Between 2000 and 2006
Colombia cut its coca acreage by half,
chiefly by using aerial spraying of glypho
sate, a weedkiller. But planting surged
again during and after peace talks between
the government and the Marxist farc
guerrillas, who controlled much of the
cocaproducing areas. In 2015 the govern
ment banned aerial spraying for legal and
health reasons.
Iván Duque, Colombia’s president
since 2018, is an eager protagonist of the
war on drugs. His government has eradi
cated over 100,000 hectares (250,000
acres) of coca a year. Peru, the second
biggest producer, has also met its more
modest eradication targets. These achieve
ments are illusory. In both countries total
coca output has risen inexorably. Accord
ing to American government estimates,
Latin America’s cocaine production has
more than doubled over the past decade,
to 2,400 tonnes a year. That is partly be
cause productivity has risen, with denser
planting, irrigation and skilled farming.
Coca has now been detected in Honduras
and Venezuela, where it is a new crop. In
Colombia, the effect of repression has
been to drive the crop into remote moun
tains, national parks and other protected
areas, where it causes environmental
damage and is harder to eradicate.
There is a consensus among experts
that forced eradication cannot deliver a
sustained decrease in supply. They fa
vour promoting legal alternatives to coca
and relying on voluntary eradication.
That is easier said than done. “To go from
a consensus to the construction of public
policies requires a lot of government
capability on the ground,” says Daniel
Rico, a criminologist. Since 2016 Colom
bian governments have in theory wanted
to beef up security and the presence of
the state in rural areas, but have failed to
do so. Instead, some aspects of the drug
business have undergone de facto legal
isation, says Mr Rico. Farmers are rarely
prosecuted for growing coca, and most
moneylaundering and the supply of
chemical inputs goes unpunished.
The economics of an illegal business
conspire against the drug warriors. The
retail price of cocaine is determined by
risk, not costs, and is perhaps 60 times
higher on a Californian street than an
Andean farm. Legalisation would be the
sensible answer. But there is little evi
dence that it is politically feasible.
That leaves Latin American govern
ments to deal with the ugly reality of
organised crime. The protean mafias
who traffic drugs consolidate or frag
ment, acting more or less violently,
according to taste and local circum
stance. What is constant is their accumu
lation of military, political and economic
power as cocaine has become a global
business. If Colombia’s next president
manages to improve rural security and
give a boost to legal economic activity
that could be more effective than yank
ing up coca plants.
Latin American politicians are fed up with the war on drugs
BelloThe invincible industry
“gatekeepers” and argues Mr Trudeau
shares blame with the Bank of Canada for
“Justinflation”. He has said he would sack
the bank’s governor, who is meant to be in
dependent. He denounces the World Eco
nomic Forum, a global gabfest, as working
“against the interests of our people”.
If this is populism, it is populism with
Canadian characteristics. Although Mr
Poilievre’s crowds are nearly all white (di
versity in North Bay was provided only by
his Venezuelanborn wife, Anaida), his vil
lains have no colour. He avoids alienating
the multiethnic suburbs of Toronto where
national elections are won and lost. Mr
Poilievre is trying to “channel that [anti
elite] sentiment without endorsing the
more extreme groups”, says Roland Paris of
the University of Ottawa.
Whether voters will be in the mood for
Mr Poilievre’s calibrated populism by the
time of the next election, due in 2025, will
depend a lot on how Mr Trudeau, and Can
ada’s economy, perform in the interim. Mr
Trudeau reinforced his minority govern
ment in March by striking an agreement
with the leftist New Democratic Party. At
times more Canadians say they disapprove
of the government than approve, but Mr
Trudeau is “not in the danger zone”, says
David Coletto of Abacus Data, a pollster.
And although Mr Poilievre is the front
runner to lead the opposition, he has yet to
seal the deal. Mr Ford’s win in Ontario may
persuade some that a candidate who is less
strident will have a better chance of defeat
ing the Liberals. One Conservative Party or
ganiser in North Bay worries that Mr Poi
lievre is too Trumpian for most voters. To
win a national election hemay have to
learn how to reassureCanadians, rather
than just riling them up.n