William_T._Bianco,_David_T._Canon]_American_Polit

Glossary/Index A81

House of Representatives

Affordable Care Act in, 572–74, 602

in budget process, 540, 542, 543

committee system in, 402–3

compared to Senate, 377, 381

constituency of, 381, 388

Constitutional Convention

compromise on, 42

descriptive representation in, 378,

379

districts represented in, 381

economic policy role of, 540

election to. See congressional

campaigns and elections

foreign policy role of, 630

Freedom Caucus in, 19, 402

ideological polarization in, 400

impeachment process in, 446

legislative process in, 404–12

party structure in, 397, 398

party unity in, 399, 400

party votes in, 399, 400

redistricting of, 389–93. See also

redistricting

term in, 377, 383, 410

Three-Fifths Compromise on, 46, 47

typical workday in, 386

whip system in, 398

women in, 19, 385, 398

housing

discrimination in, 159, 183

government assistance in, 577, 579

interest rates on loans for, 533

mortgages on. See mortgages

price of, in financial crisis (2008),

548, 549

tax deductions related to, 579

Housing and Urban Development

Department, 422, 470, 474 , 577

Howell, William G., 442

Huawei technology firm, 634

Hughes, Charles, 513

Humane Society, 364

human nature, view of Founders on,

6, 37

human rights issues, 621, 623, 636

in antiterrorism efforts, 648

in globalization of trade, 645

Humphrey, Hubert, 414

Hungary. hyperinflation in, 559, 559

hunting, and right to bear arms, 131

Hurricane Harvey, 73, 88, 96, 239, 239,

24 2, 255

Hurricane Irma, 88, 96

Hurricane Katrina, 586

Hurricane Maria, 96, 255, 628

Hurricane Sandy, 578

Hustler magazine, 126

hyperinflation, 559, 559

Idaho, 176, 177

ideological polarization, 220–22, 221

Sharp differences in Americans’

overall ideas of the size and scope of

government.

of Congress, 272, 273, 400, 400–401

of political parties, 220, 221, 272, 273,

2 7 7, 400–401

social media in, 234

Trump affecting, 187

ideology, 19–20 A cohesive set of ideas

and beliefs used to organize and

evaluate the political world.

conservative, 19, 20, 94, 201, 202

liberal, 19, 20, 94, 201

libertarian, 19–20

and media bias, 249

and media sources, 240–41

and public opinion, 201, 202, 202,

220–22, 221

of Supreme Court justices, 503, 513,

517, 518, 519, 521–22, 524, 525

“I Have a Dream” speech of King, 170,

170

iHeartMedia, 236

Illinois, 123, 131, 251, 252, 391

Immigration and Customs Enforce-

ment (ICE), 70, 71, 98

immigration policies, 190–93

by-product theory on knowledge

about, 240

on Chinese, 155

as congressional election issue

(2018), 335 , 336

and DACA program, 374, 375, 376, 414

executive orders on, 426–28

of Obama, 187, 193, 425, 443

party preferences on, 289–90

political conflicts on, 4, 5, 17–18, 22

as presidential election issue (2016),

314, 314 , 332

public opinion on, 216, 216, 219, 227

and sanctuary cities, 70, 72, 89, 98

state and federal power in

enforcement of, 70–72, 71

of Trump, 66, 70–72, 98, 187, 192,

193, 285–86, 290, 314, 331, 332,

374–76, 418, 425, 426–28, 4 43

impeachment, 5 6 – 5 7, 413, 433, 446 A

negative or checking power over the

other branches that allows Congress

to remove the president, the vice

president, or other “officers of the

United States” (including federal

judges) for abuses of power.

implied powers, 63–64 Powers

supported by the Constitution that

are not expressly stated in it.

income inequality, 15, 22, 38, 161, 566

as congressional election issue

(2018), 582

and group identity, 206

growth in, 579, 580, 582

international comparison of, 535–36,

536

social policies in, 579–84

in southern states, 38, 152–53

for women, 18, 180, 180–81, 181, 500

income support, 603–5 Government

programs that provide support to

low-income Americans, such as

welfare, food stamps, unemploy-

ment compensation, and the EITC.

income taxes, 555, 555, 556

marginal tax rate in, 551, 551, 556, 556

incumbency advantage, 385–89 The

relative infrequency with which

members of Congress are defeated

in their attempts for reelection.

incumbents, 298–99, 311–12 A politician

running for reelection to the office

he or she currently holds.

accountability of, 299

advantage of, 385–89

campaign staff of, 315–16

constituency service of, 387–88

credit claiming by, 384

redistricting affecting, 390

reelection of, 329–30, 330, 381, 383,

383–89, 402

retirement of, 311, 334, 335

seniority of, 396

and wave elections, 329

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