A92 Glossary/Indexoriginal jurisdiction, 491, 491 The author-
ity of a court to handle a case first,
as in the Supreme Court’s authority
to initially hear disputes between
two states. However, original juris-
diction for the Supreme Court is not
exclusive; it may assign such a case
to a lower court.Orlando, Florida, 131
O’Rourke, Beto, 243
Orwell, George, 24, 136outside strategies, 355, 356, 3 5 7, 359–64
The tactics employed outside
Washington, D.C., by interest
groups seeking to achieve their
policy goals.outsourcing, 645, 645
Oval Office, 438, 440, 442oversight, 412–13, 481–82, 625 Congressio-
nal efforts to make sure that laws are
implemented correctly by the bureau-
cracy after they have been passed.ownership society, 578 The term used to
describe the social policy vision of
President George W. Bush, in which
citizens take responsibility for their
own social welfare and the free
market plays a greater role in social
pol ic y.Oxfam International, 636Paine, Thomas, 36, 37, 39
Pakistan, 625, 636, 648
Palestinians, 439, 617, 624
Palmquist, Bradley, 204, 274
Paltrow, Gwyneth, 180
Panama, 620paradox of voting, 326 The question of
why citizens vote even though their
individual votes stand little chance
of changing the election outcome.pardons, 54, 65, 66, 433
Paris Climate Agreement, 12, 90, 90,
429, 435, 561, 629
Paris terrorist attacks (2016), 192
Paris Treaty (1783), 34
Parks, Rosa, 167parliamentary system, 8, 44 A system of
government in which legislative and
executive power are closely joined.
The legislature (parliament) selects
the chief executive (prime minis-
ter), who forms the cabinet from
members of the parliament.parochial schools, 115
partisan redistricting, 390, 392party coalitions, 276 , 276 –7 7 The groups
that identify with a political party,
usually described in demographic
terms such as African-American
Democrats or evangelical
Republicans.party identification, 201, 265, 272–74 A
citizen’s loyalty to a specific political
pa r t y.
of African Americans, 17, 17, 2 67,
268– 69, 276
and group identity, 17, 204, 205
and party in the electorate, 264,
27 2 –7 7
and political polarization, 221, 272,
273
and political socialization, 203
and presidential approval, 332
public opinion in, 210–11, 274
voter trends in, 274, 275
as voting cue, 309, 327, 335 , 335–36
of women, 17, 269party in government, 264, 265 , 270–72
The group of officeholders who
belong to a specific political party
and were elected as candidates of
t hat pa r t y.party in the electorate, 264, 265 , 272–77
The group of citizens who identify
with a specific political party.party leader, president as, 447–48party organization, 264, 265, 265 , 2 67,
268–70, 292 A specific political
party’s leaders and workers at the
national, state, and local levels.party platform, 284, 290, 292, 299, 304,
313–15 A set of objectives outliningthe party’s issue positions and prior-
ities. Candidates are not required to
support their party’s platform.party principle, 266 The idea that a
political party exists as an organiza-
tion distinct from its elected officials
or party leaders.party system, 265 Periods in which
the names of the major political
parties, their supporters, and the
issues dividing them have remained
relatively stable.
realignments in, 267–68party unity, 399, 400 The extent to
which members of Congress in the
same party vote together on party
votes.party votes, 399, 400 A vote in which
the majority of one party opposes
the position of the majority of the
ot her pa r t y.patents, 561
Patient-Centered Outcomes Research
Institute, 602
Patriot Act (2001), 133, 410
pay gap for women, 18, 180, 180–81, 181,
500
PAYGO procedure, 541
payroll taxes, 555, 555–56
for Social Security, 556, 592, 594, 595,
596, 597
PBS NewsHour, 257
Peace Corps, 443peak associations, 343 , 350 Interest
groups whose members are
businesses or other organizations
rather than individuals.Pearl Harbor bombing, 56, 620
Pell Grants, 340, 609
Pelosi, Nancy, 262, 265, 335, 394,
398, 543
Peña-Rodriguez, Miguel, 139
Pence, Mike, 426, 439, 439, 440,
448, 631
Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883), 467
Pennsylvania, 35
at Constitutional Convention, 48,
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