William_T._Bianco,_David_T._Canon]_American_Polit

A96 Glossary/Index

presidential systems, compared to

parliamentary systems, 8

president pro tempore, 398 A largely

symbolic position usually held

by the most senior member of the

majority party in the Senate.

press. See also media

free, 2, 106, 110, 125–26, 129, 244

prior restraint on, 125

price of goods and services

deflation of, 534–35

exchange rate affecting, 564

government regulations on, 559–61

inflation of. See inflation

labor costs affecting, 564

in monopolies, 559–61

tariffs affecting, 532, 638, 640

primary elections, 279 , 279–81, 282, 283,

299–300, 314 A ballot vote in which

citizens select a party’s nominee for

the general election.

campaigns in, 316–18

policy issues in, 314

in presidential elections, 282, 302–4

silent or money primary in, 314

types of, 279, 299

voter turnout in, 327

priming process, 246–47

Prince (musician), 590

principal–agent game, 462–63, 479, 561

The interaction between a principal

(such as the president or Congress),

who needs something done, and an

agent (such as a bureaucrat), who

is responsible for carrying out the

principal’s orders.

prior restraint, 125 A limit on freedom

of the press that allows the govern-

ment to prohibit the media from

publishing certain materials.

Privacy Act (1974), 136

privacy rights, 140–43 Liberties

protected by several amendments in

the Bill of Rights that shield certain

personal aspects of citizens’ lives

from governmental interference,

such as the Fourth Amendment’s

protection against unreasonable

searches and seizures.

and abortion rights, 141–42

and gay rights, 143

reasonable expectation for, 107

in search and seizures, 132–36

privatization of Social Security, 578, 584,

586, 595, 596–97 The process of

transferring the management of a

government program (like Social

Security) from the public sector to

the private sector.

privileges and immunities clause,

76 –7 7 The part of Article IV of the

Constitution requiring that states

must treat nonstate residents within

their borders as they would treat

their own residents. This was meant

to promote commerce and travel

between states.

problem of control, 462–65, 478, 479 A

difficulty faced by elected officials

in ensuring that when bureaucrats

implement policies they follow

these officials’ intentions but still

have enough discretion to use their

expertise.

process, political, 8–10, 12–13, 14

citizen involvement in, 12–13, 94–97

in elections, 10, 12

in social policy, 610

professional associations, 343

profiling, racial, 148–50, 163–64, 192,

193, 194

Progressive Era, 466–67

progressive taxes, 556 Describes taxes

that require upper-income people

to pay a higher tax rate than lower-

income people, such as income

taxes.

Prohibition, repeal of, 62

Project Atmosphere, 136

Project Censored, 250

Project Veritas, 239

property rights, 535

Fifth Amendment on, 108, 109, 138

Founders on, 36, 37

Fourteenth Amendment on, 109

patents in, 561

and slavery, 79, 152

proportional allocation, 303 During

the presidential primaries, the

practice of determining the number

of convention delegates allotted

to each candidate based on the

percentage of the popular vote cast

for each candidate. All Democratic

primaries and caucuses use this

system, as do some states’ Republi-

can primaries and caucuses.

protectionism, 1 5 6 – 5 7, 176 The idea under

which some people have tried to

rationalize discriminatory policies

by claiming that some groups, like

women or African Americans,

should be denied certain rights for

their own safety or well-being.

protectionist trade policies, 565, 566,

567, 568

protest movements, 167–72

Black Lives Matter, 164, 171–72

on oil pipeline, 155, 171

on Vietnam War, 120, 121, 171, 516

Women’s March (2017) in, 19, 171,

171, 360, 360

Pruitt, Scott, 464, 481, 562

Public Citizen, 343, 358

public goods, 7 Services or actions (such

as protecting the environment)

that, once provided to one person,

become available to everyone.

Government is typically needed to

provide public goods because they

will be under-provided by the free

market.

public health, 105

public opinion, 198–231 Citizens’ views

on politics and government actions.

on abortion, 11, 206, 206, 210, 301

on Congress, 378, 382, 382–83,

394–95

considerations in, 207–11, 209, 210

definition of, 200–201

on federal bureaucracy, 463, 463,

474 , 475

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