William_T._Bianco,_David_T._Canon]_American_Polit

A98 Glossary/Index

recess appointment, 426 Selection

by the president of a person to be

an ambassador or the head of a

department while the Senate is

not in session, thereby bypassing

Senate approval. Unless approved

by a subsequent Senate vote, recess

appointees serve only to the end of

the congressional term.

reconciliation, 411–12 Reconciliation

allows for expedited consideration

of certain tax, spending, and debt

limit legislation. The main advan-

tage of the procedure is that recon-

ciliation legislation is not subject

to filibusters in the Senate, and

therefore may be passed with simple

majorities in the House and Senate.

on Affordable Care Act, 572

in budget process, 540–41

on Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (2017), 407,

412, 541

Reconstruction period after Civil War,

80, 153

recounts, 302, 305

Redding, Savana, 133

redistributive tax policies, 15, 554–56, 555

Policies, generally favored by

Democratic politicians, that use

taxation to attempt to create social

equality (for example, higher

taxation of the rich to provide

programs for the poor).

redistricting, 88, 160, 1 74 –76 , 301, 385,

389–93 Re-drawing the geographic

boundaries of legislative districts.

This happens every 10 years to

ensure that districts remain roughly

equal in population.

gerrymandering in, 390, 391

partisan, 390, 392

racial, 390, 391, 393, 508

Supreme Court on, 390, 391, 392,

393, 393, 508, 523

“red states,” 15, 16

red tape, 464 Excessive or unnecessar-

ily complex regulations imposed by

the bureaucracy.

Reed, Stanley, 513

Reed, Thomas, 411

Reed’s Rules, 411

reelection of incumbents, 329–30, 330,

381, 383, 383–89, 402

referendum, 363–64 A direct vote by

citizens on a policy change proposed

by a legislature or another govern-

ment body. Referenda are common

in state and local elections, but there

is no mechanism for a national-level

referendum.

Reform Party, 287, 288

refugees, 254, 634, 635

Regents of the University of California,

Hamilton v., 113

Regents of the University of California v.

Bakke, 190

regressive taxes, 556, 592 Describes

taxes that take a larger share of

poor people’s income than wealthy

people’s income, such as sales taxes

and payroll taxes.

regulations, 457– 61 Rules that allow the

government to exercise control over

individuals and corporations by

restricting certain behaviors.

economic, 559–62

environmental, 85, 457, 459, 461,

560, 561, 562

and media deregulation, 236

in New Deal era, 468

notice-and-comment procedure on,

457–60, 464

politics of, 561–62

social, 561

regulatory capture, 463, 561 A situation

in which bureaucrats favor the inter-

ests of the groups or corporations

they are supposed to regulate at the

expense of the general public.

Rehnquist, William, 60, 517, 525

Reich, Robert, 30

Reid, Harry, 548

religion

and aid to religious organizations,

115, 117

civil liberties in, 106

and cultural values, 15

and factions, 6

freedom of, 110 –11, 112–17

and public safety, 105, 105, 114

in public schools, 106, 111, 114–15

and same-sex marriage, 111, 116, 117

and separation of church and state,

111, 114–15

and theocracy, 21

Religious Freedom Restoration Act

(1993), 92, 116

remedial legislation, 92 National laws

that address discriminatory state

laws. Authority for such legisla-

tion comes from Section 5 of the

Fourteenth Amendment.

Reno, Shaw v., 175, 393

representation in Congress, 378–83

descriptive, 378–80

substantive, 380–81

trustee and delegate views of,

380–81

representative democracy, 21, 41

Republican Governors’ Association,

269

republicanism, 36–37 As understood by

James Madison and the framers, the

belief that a form of government in

which the interests of the people are

represented through elected leaders

is the best form of government. Our

form of government is known as a

republican democracy.

Republican Lawyers’ Organization,

269

Republican National Committee, 264,

268, 270, 281, 281, 4 47

Republican Party, 262, 264–65, 292

in bipartisan compromises, 291

as brand name, 270

in budget-making process, 540

in campaign financing, 281, 281–84,

284, 323, 324

in Civil War era, 152, 153

coalitions in, 276, 276 –7 7

congressional conferences of, 272,

398

in congressional elections, 247, 268,

287, 291, 296, 329, 331–32, 333–36,

420, 446, 450

on congressional staff, 404

conservative ideology in, 19, 23

on DACA, 414

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