Scientific American - 09.2019

September 2019, ScientificAmerican.com 59 5Ÿ®y®y Initial credences Stable, opposing beliefs within a group Cliquish arrangement ...

60 Scientific American, September 2019 and those with poor beliefs fail to learn better ones. Conformism, meanwhile, is a prefer ...

September 2019, ScientificAmerican.com 61 the growing consensus that smoking kills. During the 1950 s and 1960s the Tobacco In s ...

62 Scientific American, September 2019 ...

Illustration by Lisk Feng September 2019, ScientificAmerican.com 63 CONTAGIOUS DISHONEST Y DISHONESTY BEGETS DISHONESTY, RAPIDLY ...

64 Scientific American, September 2019 Corruption, big or small, impedes the socioeco- nomic development of nations. It affects ...

September 2019, ScientificAmerican.com 65 cluding those involving ethical dilemmas. In 1991 psychologists Robert  B. Cialdini, C ...

66 Scientific American, September 2019 FABRICE COFFRINI Getty Images commonly held beliefs (which we assessed among a different ...

September 2019, ScientificAmerican.com 67 HOW TO DEFRAUD DEMOCR AC Y A WORST-CASE CYBERWARFARE SCENARIO FOR THE 2020 AMERICAN PR ...

68 Scientific American, September 2019 ...

Illustration by Lisk Feng September 2019, ScientificAmerican.com 69 not receiving software patches for vulnerabilities. Nearly 2 ...

70 Scientific American, September 2019 Illustration by Bud Cook access. In a close election, if a coordinated group, say in Russ ...

September 2019, ScientificAmerican.com 71 have to run a completely new election. The point of this kind of visible attack is tha ...

72 Scientific American, September 2019 UN CERTAI PART 3: ...

September 2019, ScientificAmerican.comSSepSepSeSeSeSeSepeptemtemtteteememeemmmmmmberbbbebeberbebebeberbere 202022001919119119199 ...

74 Scientific American, September 2019 Illustration by Wesley Allsbrook TOUGH CALLS HOW WE MAKE DECISIONS IN THE FACE OF INCOMPL ...

September 2019, ScientificAmerican.com 75 ...

76 Scientific American, September 2019 We did, although it probably wasn’t what these company officials wanted. Instead of tryin ...

Graphic by Jen Christiansen September 2019, ScientificAmerican.com 77 SOURCE: “INDIVIDUALS WITH GREATER SCIENCE LITERACY AND EDU ...

78 Scientific American, September 2019 Graphic by Jen Christiansen SOURCE: RISK: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION, BY BARUCH FISCHHOFF ...