Russian Hajj. Empire and the Pilgrimage to Mecca - Eileen Kane

Notes to Pages 48–53 201

7. Home to the shrine of the martyred seventh-century imam Husayn, Karbala (located today
   in Iraq) is among the holiest cities for Shiʿi Muslims, alongside Mecca and Medina. Karbala drew
   increasing numbers of Muslim pilgrims from the South Caucasus by the late nineteenth century,
   as did Mashhad and Najaf, important Shiʿi shrines located today in Iran and Iraq, respectively. On
   the tsarist state’s interest in and documentation of Shiʿi pilgrimages abroad in the early twentieth
   century, see Aleksandr Dmitrievich Vasilʹev, “Palomniki iz Rossii u shiitskikh sviatynʹ Iraka. Konets
   XIX veka,” Vostochnyi arkhiv, 1, 27 (2013): 9–17.


8. See, for instance, Nick Baron, “New Spatial Histories of Twentieth-Century Russia and the
   Soviet Union: Surveying the Landscape,” Jahrbücher für Geshchichte Osteuropas 55, no.  3 (2007):
   374–401; Nick Baron and Peter Gatrell, “Population Displacement, State-Building, and Social Iden-
   tity in the Lands of the Former Russian Empire, 1917–1923,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and
   Eurasian History 4, no. 1 (Winter 2003): 51–100; Mark Bassin, Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagina-
   tion and Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East, 1840–1865 (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-
   versity Press, 1999); and Mark Bassin, Christopher Ely, and Melissa K. Stockdale, eds., Space, Place,
   and Power in Modern Russia: Essays in the New Spatial History (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University
   Press, 2010). See also the groundbreaking GIS project “Imperiia: Mapping the Russian Empire,“ by
   the historian Kelly O’Neill, http://worldmap.harvard.edu/maps/886.


9. Michael Laffan’s excellent study is an exception to this trend. See his Islamic Nationhood and
   Colonial Indonesia: The Umma below the Winds (London: Routledge, 2003). Anthropologists of pil-
   grimage have noted the stubborn trend in studies across pilgrimage traditions of scholars focus-
   ing on the holy-site destination, while overlooking important questions about “movement.” See the
   introduction to Reframing Pilgrimage: Cultures in Motion, ed. Simon Coleman and John Eade (Lon-
   don and New York: Routledge, 2004), 8.


10. For a detailed account of bureaucratic procedures and practical dimensions of the
    twenty-first-century hajj, see Abdellah Hammoudi, A Season in Mecca: Narrative of a Pilgrimage
    (New York: Hill and Wang, 2006).


11. See, for example, Sayahatnama, Astarkhan ghubernasi Krasni Yar uyezi Sayyid qaryasining
    al-hajj al-haramayn Er ʿAli Rahimberdiyef al-Qaraghachining hajj safarinda kurganlari (Astrakhan:
    Tipografiia Torgovogo Doma “Umerov i Ko.,” 1911); and IV RAN, A1522, “Awwali hajj al-haramayn.
    Al-hajj sighri sabil katib hajji al-haramayn Ayyub Bikan thalith al-hajji Ghubaydullah bin Arali katib
    thani Abuʾl-Ghazi bin Baynaki.”


12. Barbara D. Metcalf, “The Pilgrimage Remembered: South Asian Accounts of the Hajj,” in
    Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration, and the Religious Imagination, ed. Dale F. Eickelman and
    James Piscatori (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 86–87. On Ibn Battuta, see Ross E.
    Dunn, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveller of the 14th Century (Berkeley: University
    of California Press, 2005).


13. Several hajj accounts from imperial Russia have been published since the collapse of commu-
    nism, as part of the revival of Islam and the hajj in former Soviet lands. See, for example, Khamidul-
    lah Alʹmushev, Khadzhname: Kniga o khadzhe (Nizhnii Novgorod: Izd. NIM “Makhinur,” 2006).


14. Ismail sayahati, ed. Rizaeddin Fahreddin (Kazan: Lito-tipografiia I.N. Kharitonova, 1903).
    On this text, see also Michael Kemper, “Von Orenburg nach Indien und Mekka: Ismails Reisebuch
    als Genremischung,” in Istochniki i issledovaniia po istorii tatarskogo naroda: Materialy k uchebnym
    kursam. V chestʹ iubileia akademika AN RT M.A. Usmanova, ed. Diliara Usmanova i Iskander Gili-
    azov (Kazan: Kazanskii gosudarstvennyi universitet, 2006): 318–330; and M. A. Usmanov, “Zapiski
    Ismaʹila Bekmukhamedova o ego puteshestvii v Indiiu,” in Blizhnii i Srednii vostok: Istoriia, ekono-
    mika: sbornik statei, ed. L. M. Kulagina (Moscow: Nauka, 1967), 88–103.


15. Kemper, “Von Orenburg nach Indien und Mekka,” 323.


16. Ismail sayahati, 11.


17. Ibid., 7–12.