INDEX
carbon 74, 75
carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 65, 136, 228, 259, 281,
302–303, 305, 318, 321
Keeling Curve 240–241, 241
social cost of carbon (SCC) 324–325
carbon sinks 264
carnivores 109, 133, 141
Carson, Rachel 138, 139, 229, 244–245, 244 ,
247, 299, 306
Carter, Majora 339
Caswell, Hal 152
Celsius, Anders 87
Central Park, Manhattan, New York 149
cephalopods 222, 223
CFCs 229, 260, 261
Chambers, Robert 20
chameleons 185
Champlain, Samuel de 334
Chapman, Frank 181
Chargaff, Erwin 182
Charpentier, Jean de 198
cheetahs 47
chemotrophs 133
chestnut blight 175
Chicxulub Crater 220, 221, 237
chimpanzees 101, 120, 121, 121 , 122, 122 ,
123–125, 123 , 124
cholera 69–70, 233
Christmas Bird Count (CBC) 180–181
chromosomes 123
Chutkan, Robynne 102
chytridomycosis 280
citizen science 161, 178–183
cladistics 86, 87, 90, 91
classification 20, 37, 81, 82–83, 86–87, 90–91
Clements, Frederic 135, 138, 152, 160–161, 166,
167, 168, 170, 172–73, 174, 175, 197, 206–207,
208, 210
climate change 95, 109, 113, 185, 202–203, 207,
223, 224, 225, 228–229, 267, 268–269, 276, 281,
295
climate change denial 320
economic impact 324–25
halting 316–21
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) 276, 295, 299, 319–320, 321
and spring creep 276–279
climax communities 172–173, 174
cloning 34
clownfish 59, 59
cockatoos 201
cod fisheries 266–267, 268
“cold-blooded” 126
colobus monkeys 124
competition
competitive exclusion principle 42–43, 52–53,
112
exploitation 53
food chains and webs 109
interference 53
interspecific 53
intraspecific 53
Connell, Joseph 43, 55, 62, 170Connett, Paul 330
conservation 124, 142, 236, 239, 267, 295,
307
see also environmentalism
continental drift 196, 212–213
convergent evolution 209
Cooke, Wells 180
cooling ponds 137
cooperative behavior 124
coral bleaching 207, 238
coral reefs 135 , 152, 189, 193, 203, 205, 207,
207 , 238
Cousteau, Jacques 335–336
Cowles, Henry Chandler 160, 170, 172, 174
crabs 142
Crawford, David 253
creationism 18, 20, 22, 28, 196
Crick, Francis 19, 32, 34–35, 35
crocodiles 42, 222
Croll, James 224
Cronquist, Arthur 175
crows 67
cuckoos 199
Curtis, John 161, 174, 175
Cuvier, Georges 18, 22
cyanobacteria 161, 189, 205
cystic fibrosis 37D
Dachille, Frank 220
Daily, Gretchen 329, 329
Daisyworld 216
damselflies 109
D’Ancona, Umberto 46–47, 48
Dansereau, Pierre 336
Darwin, Charles 18, 21, 22, 23, 26–28, 26 , 29,
32, 42, 56, 59, 72, 116, 120, 130, 133, 146,
150, 162, 167, 193, 200, 297
Dawkins, Richard 19, 38–39, 39 , 88, 116, 123,
154
Day, Max 336
DDT 229, 244–245, 246, 247
“dead zone” (oceans) 269
decomposers 139, 141
decoupling of interactions between species
278–279
deer 49, 77, 97
deforestation 93, 97, 228, 237, 238, 250,
254–259, 264, 294
detritus feeders 133
developmental traps 279
diatoms 112 , 189
dinosaurs 22, 222, 223
Diogenes 297
disease
ecological epidemiology 68–71
infectious diseases 280
DNA 19, 26, 30, 32, 34–37, 38, 123barcoding 37
junk DNA 123
mitochondrial DNA analysis 81
mutations 19, 30, 30 , 31, 36–37
sequencing 37, 89
Dobzhansky, Theodosius 29–30, 31, 96
dodos 299
dogs 89, 101, 116
Dolly the sheep 34
dolphins 97, 285, 291
donkeys 89
Dorling, Danny 250
Douglas, Marjory Stoneman 335
dragonflies 43, 51, 76–77, 77 , 109, 111, 189
droughts 70, 288, 318
Drude, Oscar 172
dunes 170, 172
dung beetles 126, 127
Dutch elm disease 70E
E. coli 31, 31
eagles 133, 229, 235
Earle, Sylvia 337
Earth Day 211, 211 , 295, 306, 308, 330
Earth Summits 153, 323, 330
earthworms 189
Easter Island 264, 264
echidnas 209
echolocation 67
ecological drift 192
ecological equivalence 51
ecological footprint 322
ecological niches 22, 43, 50–51, 108, 110–112,
176, 192
competitive exclusion principle 42–43, 52–53,
112
generalists and specialists 111
guilds 152, 161, 176 –177
niche construction 188–189
niche overlap 51, 111–112
niche partitioning 51, 112
ecological pyramids 112, 112
ecological resilience 131, 137, 150–151
ecological stoichiometry 43, 74 –75
ecological succession 170 –171, 171, 172, 173
ecophysiology 72–73
ecoregions 237–238
ecosystem ecology 157
ecosystem services 328–329
ecosystems 128–159
biomes 95, 135, 173, 197, 206–209, 209
biotic and abiotic elements 135–136, 208
categories 136
ecological epidemiology 68–71
energy flow 134, 138–139
equilibrium 136, 137345
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