S
Saint-Hilaire, Etienne Geoffroy 20
salamanders 63, 283, 283 , 291
salmon 184
salt-tolerant vegetation 169
saltmarshes 142, 210
saolas 97
sawflies 278
scala naturae 82, 83
Schimper, Andreas 160, 168, 169
Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut 72, 73, 73
Schumacher, Ernst 295, 328
scientific revolution 296
Sclater, Philip 160, 162, 200
sclerophyll 169
sea anemones 59, 59
sea levels, rising 203, 225, 241, 318
sea otters 64–65, 143
sea snails 182
sea urchins 64, 143
seals 109, 235
Sears, Paul 134
seasonal cycle 276–279
second-order predation hypothesis 143
secondary consumers 138, 139, 277
seeds
dispersal 58, 64
diversity 326–327
sessile species 77
sewage treatment 228, 233, 291
sexual selection 28
Shachak, Moshe 189
Shaffer, Mark 313, 314
sharks 133
Shaw, Robert 337
Shelford, Victor 138, 206, 207, 208
Shiva, Vandana 326, 327, 327
sickle cell disease 37, 37
Siemens, Werner von 302
Sierra Club 298, 307, 308
silver maple 209
Simpson, George Gaylord 212, 213
Slagsvold, Tore 114, 115
Slobodkin, Lawrence 130, 140, 141, 143
Smith, Frederick 141
Smith, John Maynard 29, 48, 131, 154–155
Smith, Robert Angus 248
smog 233
snakes 93
Snow, John 69–70, 69
snowshoe hares 110, 110
soil acidification 93
solar power 294, 302–303, 305
Sonora Desert 173 , 312
sparrows 253
speciation 30, 88–89
species distribution 162–163
species-area effect 147parrotfish 63–64
Pasteur, Louis 70, 100, 102, 103, 103
pasteurization 103
peacocks 28, 29
peak oil 263–264
Pearl, Raymond 164–165
pedosphere 215
Peltier, Autumn 339
penguins 72–73, 73
penicillin 102
Peregrine Falcons 229
periphyton 113
permafrost 225
pesticides 229, 242–247
phenology 276
phenotypes 30, 33, 89
photosynthesis 66, 72, 74, 133, 136, 189, 221,
222, 228, 240, 249, 259, 269, 303, 305
photovoltaic cells 302
phytogeography 200
phytoplankton 74, 94, 105, 112–113, 142, 222,
269, 269 , 281
phytotrons 156 , 157
Pianka, Eric 66
pioneer plants 160, 171
Pitton de Tournefort, Joseph 86
plant communities 160–161, 167
climax communities 172–173, 174
open community theory 174 –175
plant distribution 168–169
plant ecology 167
plant physiology 169
plant succession 135, 160, 167
plants, invasive 272–273, 282
plastic pollution 232, 235, 269, 284–285
plate tectonics 212–213
Playfair, John 23
poaching 95
polar bears 72, 109, 109
politics, Green 308, 309
pollination 56, 57, 58, 59, 230–235, 250, 279,
329
pollution 93–94, 105, 225, 228, 229, 280
acid rain 93, 222, 229, 234, 248–249
air 93, 95, 232, 233–234, 233 , 248
effects on health 232 , 234
intangible pollutants 235
light 235, 252–253
noise 235
oil spills 234–235
pesticides 229, 242–247
plastic 232, 235, 269, 284–285, 284, 285
thermal 235
water 93, 94, 228, 233, 234–235, 269, 289, 330
population dynamics 46–49, 108, 110
chaotic change 184
ecological drift 192
human population growth 27, 46, 47, 94, 164,
237
metapopulations 161, 186–187
overpopulation 229, 250–251
population control 250, 251
predator–prey equations 44–49, 190, 225population dynamics cont.
urbanization 282–283, 297
Verhulst equation 164–165, 184
population viability analysis (PVA) 312–315
prairie dogs 62, 62 , 63
Pratchett, Terry 120
predators and prey 42, 56
apex predators 65, 76, 109, 133
food chains 109
nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) 76–77
predator–prey equations 44–49, 225
trophic cascades 62, 130, 140–143
prickly pears 263
primary consumers 112, 133, 138, 139, 277,
279
primate development 120
prokaryotes 90
protists 91
ptarmigans 315
Pulliam, Robert 66, 67Q R
queen conches 182rabbits 48, 109, 132, 142, 225 , 270–271
raccoons 111
rainforests 54 , 55, 97, 153, 209, 209 , 228, 238,
256–257, 258, 259, 264
rainwater catchment and storage 291
ranaviruses 280
rats 111
Raven, Peter 56, 59
Ray, John 80, 82, 83, 86, 88
recycling 291, 330–331
Red List of the International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 93, 95, 312
Red Queen evolutionary theory 49
Redfield Ratio 74
Reed, Lowell 164
reforestation 259
Renaissance 296
renewable energy 300–305
resource partitioning 53
rhinos 201, 223
ribosomes 90–91
rice 36
Richmond, William Blake 335
Rio Earth Summit 295
RNA 36
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 75
Robins 114
rockpools 193
Romanticism 298, 299
Roosevelt, Theodore 264, 335
Root, Richard 152, 161, 176–177
Rowland, Frank 229, 260, 261
“runaway greenhouse” effect 224, 225INDEX 349
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