ecologies; Perdue,China Marches West, 44 – 50 ; Barfield,The Perilous Fron-
tier, 16 – 20. For a political-military study from the perspective of Russian
sources, see Bergholz,The Partition of the Steppe.
79 Fisher,The Russian Fur Trade, 29 , 120. For larger estimates ranging from
20 to 25 percent, see Etkind,Internal Colonization, 80.
80 Russia’s Conquest of Siberia,# 67 , 209 , 213 – 15 ; Lantzeff and Pierce,East-
ward to Empire, 156 – 58 ; Khodarkovsky,Russia’s Steppe Frontier, 56 – 60.
Khordarkovsky characterizes indigenous views ofamanatas an occasion-
ally necessary evil, assuaged with Russian gifts, which may arise from
differences in time and location. Basin peoples were not so tolerant, nor
Cossacks so restrained there. For a portrayal of much less harmonious
seventeenth-century Siberian relations, see Glebov, “Siberian Middle
Ground,” 129 – 33.
81 Lishi wenxian bubian,# 14 , 76 ;Russia’s Conquest of Siberia,# 75 , 238 – 39 ;
81 , 277 – 78 , 315 ; Forsyth,A History of the Peoples of Siberia, 41.
82 Russia’s Conquest of Siberia,# 81 , 264 – 67.
83 Russia’s Conquest of Siberia,# 81 , 264 – 67.
84 An Shuangcheng,“Qingchu zai Lafa dukou zhizao zhanchuan gaishu,”
82 – 83 ;Russia’s Conquest of Siberia,# 81 , 273 ,# 92 , 344 – 45 ; Melikhov,
“How the Feudal Rulers of the Ch’ing Empire Prepared Their Aggression,”
62 ;QSL, 3 : 1068 a–b.
85 Qingdai Zhong-E guanxi dang’an, 1 : 1. 2 , 2. 3 , 7. 10 , 21. 21.
86 Huke shishu, 212 :KX 20. 8. 24.
87 Russia’s Conquest of Siberia,# 81 , 271.
88 Russia’s Conquest of Siberia,# 106 , 386. The Russians’regularized system of
tribute collection from some Daguraiman, in operation for several years by
1654 , had been stopped by local resistance and Qing forces no later than
1655 ;Russia’s Conquest of Siberia, doc. # 84 , 306 , 311.
89 See, for example, Matsuura,Shinchōno Amūru, 288 – 89 ; Yang Xulian,Qing-
dai dongbei shi, 94 – 103.
90 Chŏson wangjo sillok,Hyŏnjong (Xianzong) era, 6. 5. 8 (Western date June 20 ,
1665 ) 37. 447 b– 48 a;Zhong-E guanxi, 1 : 10. 12 , 14. 16 – 17.
91 Russian and Chinese reports often do not clarify whether or not Qing reloca-
tions were voluntary;Lishi wenxian bubian,# 24 ,p. 111 ;Russia’s Conquest of
Siberia,# 85 , 311 ; He Qiutao,Shuofang beisheng, 16. 28 a. There are also some
ambiguous references to relocations in the 1650 s; Yang Xulian,Qingdai
dongbei shi, 86 – 87 ;Russia’s Conquest of Siberia,# 84 , 305 ;Lishi wenxian
bubian,# 17 , 92 ; Lantzeff and Pierce,Eastward to Empire, 168 .A 1658
Korean source, for example, refers to the“flight”of indigenous peoples from
the“Yaksa”area; Sin Yu,Pukchŏngnok, 5 a.
92 NFY KX 2 - 1676 : 39 - 54 ,KX 3 - 1676 : 101 – 11 ,KX 5 - 1678 : 4 – 17.
93 NFY, KX 3 - 1676 : 101 – 11 ,KX 4 - 1678 : 238 – 43 ; Matsuura, Shinchō no
Amūru, 288 – 301 ; Zhou Xifeng,Qingchao qianqi Heilongjiang, 96 – 99.
94 NFY, KX 3 - 1676 : 101 – 11 ;KX 5 - 1678 : 4 – 17.
95 NFY, KX 1 - 1676 : 120 – 25 ;KX 2 - 1676 : 122 – 23.
96 NFY, KX 2 - 1676 : 39 – 54 , 91 – 93 , 98 – 102 , 102 – 05 , 225 – 29. Around this same
time other“Warka”were being shifted from outposts where they lived on the