The Science Book

299 The Higgs boson destroys itself within trillionths of a second of being born. It is created when other particles interact wi ...

300 SYMBIOSIS IS EVERYWHERE LYNN MARGULIS (1938 –2011) C harles Darwin’s theory of evolution coincided with a cellular theory of ...

301 See also: Charles Darwin 142–49 ■ James Watson and Francis Crick 276–83 ■ James Lovelock 315 FUNDAMENTAL BUILDING BLOCKS hel ...

OUARKS COME IN THREES MURRAY GELL-MANN (1929 –) ...

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304 MURRAY GELL-MANN U nderstanding of the structure of the atom has changed dramatically since the end of the 19th century. In ...

FUNDAMENTAL BUILDING BLOCKS 305 and John Cockcroft using a particle accelerator in Cambridge, England. Since then, ever more pow ...

306 MURRAY GELL-MANN to be fundamental. This merry circus of new species was dubbed the “particle zoo.” The Eightfold Way By the ...

FUNDAMENTAL BUILDING BLOCKS 307 accepted theory, which only allowed for whole-number charges. Gell-Mann realized that if these s ...

A THEORY OF EVERYTHING? GABRIELE VENEZIANO (1942 –) ...

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310 GABRIELE VENEZIANO P ut simply, string theory is the remarkable—and still controversial—idea that all matter in the universe ...

FUNDAMENTAL BUILDING BLOCKS 311 Gabriele Veneziano Born in Florence, Italy, in 1942, Gabriele Veneziano studied in his home city ...

312 GABRIELE VENEZIANO even before this, some scientists had been murmuring that the theory was conceptually flawed. The more wo ...

FUNDAMENTAL BUILDING BLOCKS 313 This is a 2-dimensional slice of a 6-dimensional mathematical structure called a Calabi-Yau mani ...

314 See also: John Michell 88–89 ■ Albert Einstein 214–21 ■ Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 248 I n the 1960s, British physicist Step ...

315 See also: Alexander von Humboldt 130–35 ■ Charles Darwin 142–49 ■ Charles Keeling 294–95 ■ Lynn Margulis 300–01 D uring the ...

316 See also: Robert FitzRoy 150–55 ■ Edward Lorenz 296–97 B elgian mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot used computers to model the ...

317 See also: Albert Einstein 214–21 ■ Erwin Schrödinger 226–33 ■ Alan Turing 252–53 ■ Hugh Everett III 284–85 Q uantum informat ...

318 GENES CAN MOVE FROM SPECIES TO SPECIES MICHAEL SYVANEN (1943–) T he continuity of life—the growth, reproduction, and evoluti ...