The Science Book

59 From position 1 on Earth’s orbit, the predicted eclipse of Jupitier’s moon Io appears to occur later than from position 2. Rø ...

60 ONE SPECIES NEVER SPRINGS FROM THE SEED OF ANOTHER JOHN RAY (1627–1705) T he modern concept of a plant or animal species is b ...

61 Wheat is a monocotyledon (a plant whose seed contains a single leaf) as defined by Ray. Around 30 species of this major food ...

GRAVITY AFFECTS EVERYTHING IN THE UNIVERSE ISAAC NEWTON (1642 –1727) ...

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64 ISAAC NEWTON A t the time Isaac Newton was born, the heliocentric model of the universe, in which Earth and the other planets ...

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 65 taught that moving objects only kept moving as long as they were being pushed, and that heavy objects f ...

66 ISAAC NEWTON It also shows that the acceleration depends on the mass of a body. For a given force, a body with a small mass w ...

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 67 which a ball is fired, the farther away it will land. If it is launched sufficiently fast, it will not ...

68 ISAAC NEWTON worked. Newton had shown that his Law of Universal Gravitation and laws of motion could be used mathematically t ...

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 69 Sun, the perihelion of its orbit would stay in the same place. However all the planets in our solar sys ...

EXPAND HORIZO 170 0 –1800 ...

ING NS ...

72 A t the end of the 17th century, Isaac Newton set down his laws of motion and gravity, making science more precise and mathem ...

73 Earth sciences At the other end of the scale, understanding of Earth processes was making great advances. In the Americas, Be ...

74 NATURE DOES NOT PROCEED BY LEAPS AND BOUNDS CARL LINNAEUS (1707–1778) T he classification of the natural world into a clear h ...

75 See also: Jan Swammerdam 53 ■ John Ray 60–61 ■ Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 118 ■ Charles Darwin 142–49 EXPANDING HORIZONS In 1735, ...

76 A professor of medicine at the University of Glasgow and later at Edinburgh, Joseph Black also gave lectures on chemistry. Al ...

77 Black is shown here visiting the engineer James Watt at his workshop in Glasgow. Watt is demonstrating one of his steam-power ...

78 INFLAMMABLE AIR HENRY CAVENDISH (1731–1810) I n 1754, Joseph Black had described what we now call carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as “ ...