Western Civilization

CHAPTER TIMELINE

CHAPTER REVIEW

Upon Reflection

Q How do you explain the emergence of the Scientific

Revolution?

Q What do we mean by the “Newtonian world-

machine,” and what is its significance?

Q Compare the methods used by Bacon and

Descartes. Would Pascal agree with the methods

and interests of these men? Why or why not?

Key Terms

Scientific Revolution(p. 386)

geocentric conception(p. 387)

heliocentric conception(p. 388)

world-machine(p. 393)

Cartesian dualism(p. 398)

rationalism(p. 398)

scientific method(p. 398)

empiricism(p. 399)

Suggestions for Further Reading

GENERAL WORKS General surveys of the entire Scientific

Revolution includeJ. Henry,The Scientific Revolution and

the Origins of Modern Science,2d ed. (London, 2002), and

J. R. Jacob,The Scientific Revolution: Aspirations and

Achievements, 1500–1700(Atlantic Highlands, N.J., 1998).

See alsoP. Dear,Revolutionizing the Sciences: European

Knowledge and Its Ambitions, 1500–1700(Princeton, N.J.,

2001). On the relationship of magic to the beginnings of the

Scientific Revolution, see the pioneering work byF. Yates,

The Rosicrucian Enlightenment (London, 1975). On the

importance of mathematics, seeP. Dear,Discipline and Expe-

rience: The Mathematical Way in the Scientific Revolution

(Chicago, 1995). On the relationship between Renaissance

artists and the Scientific Revolution, seeP. H. Smith,Body of

the Artisan: Art and Experience in the Scientific Revolution

(Chicago, 2006).

AREVOLUTIONINASTRONOMY On the important figures

of the revolution in astronomy, seeH. Margolis,It Started with

Copernicus: How Turning the World Inside Out Led to the

1550 1575 1600 1625 1650 1675 1700

Kepler’s laws

Beginning of

English Royal Society

Copernicus,

Vesalius,On the Fabric of the Human Body Harvey’s theory

of circulation

Newton’s law of

universal gravitation

Pascal,Pensées

Cavendish,

Natural Philosophy

Grounds of

Establishment of French Royal

Academy of Sciences

Galileo,The Starry Messenger

Descartes,Discourse

on Method

Bacon,The Great Instauration

On the Revolutions of

the Heavenly Spheres

Chapter Summary • 403

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