Early Medieval Spain. Unity in Diversity, 400–1000 (2E)

o 50 100 150 Km ! ! I I Toulouse. Gerona ~ battles land over '20011 land over 3000ft Boundaries between the Umayyad and Christia ...

o 20 40 60Km I I! I a Monas.tery • Major settlement ~ Burgos Silos o S Millan Vitoria Viguera . f Pamplona \ L<;yre 0 RAt8 ...

MEDITERRANEAN SEA Goth,c March Spanis h March Land over 3000 feet o 50 km '- - 5 The Frankish Marches in Catalonia c. AD900 ~ ;. ...

For Judith and in Memory of Denis Bethell ...

Introduction The Roman Achievement EARLY in the year 376 demoralised and frightened bands of people, in flight from their homes ...

2 EARLY MEDIEVAL SPAIN Once inside the Empire a new identity was forged by the Theruingi out of times of humiliation and hardshi ...

INTRODUCTION 3 them out of Italy into southern Gaul. Established in Aquitaine by treaty in 418 with a now more flexible imperial ...

4 EARLY MEDIEVAL SPAIN provincials under their patronage. Theodosius I drew a coterie of Spaniards with him to Constantinople, t ...

INTRODUCTION 5 to earlier towns, as ltalica was to Hispalis (Seville), to serve both as a cultural model and as a means of contr ...

6 EARLY MEDIEVAL SPAIN notable for their uncompromising and even violent hostility to pa- ganism and to heresy, but whether this ...

INTRODUCTION 7 coast and entirely ringed by mountains. This was to be the nucleus of the medieval kingdoms of Leon and Castille. ...

8 EARLY MEDIEVAL SPAIN south, and also created a hybrid Celt-Iberian civilisation in the centre of the peninsula. Later the Cart ...

INTRODUCTION 9 But even here survival of pre-Roman social organisation and material culture is more striking than any marks of a ...

10 EARLY MEDIEVAL SPAIN of survival of earlier cultures in Spain and elsewhere, this should only be seen against the background ...

l. The Emergence of a New Order The Roman Twilight THE 'Fall of the Roman Empire', in the sense that a coherent and unified syst ...

12 EARLY MEDIEVAL SPAIN not a perspective that fifth-century men would have understood nor is it necessarily a true one. A moral ...

THE EMERGENCE OF A NEW ORDER 13 thenceforth the emperors, or rather the military dictators who con- trolled them, lacked the pow ...

14 EARLY MEDIEVAL SPAIN The sequence of events that led to the entry of the Germanic barbarians into Spain on either 28 Septembe ...

THE EMERGENCE OF A NEW ORDER 15 On the last day of the year 406 a confederacy of various Germanic peoples, of whom the two branc ...

16 EARLY MEDIEVAL SPAIN to Constantine's new empire, and that its magistrates had voluntarily accepted his authority. The immedi ...