Bibliographic Essay 595
Comprehensive Survey (3rd ed.; Harper and Row, 1990), 81– 135; Jonathan Haslam,
No Virtue Like Necessity: Realist Th ought in International Relations since Machia-
velli (Yale University Press, 2002); and Michael Joseph Smith, Realist Th ought from
Weber to Kissinger (Louisiana State University Press, 1986). Th ere are also writings
on various par tic u lar fi gures in this school who were prominent in the interwar
period. On Frederick Sherwood Dunn, see William T. R. Fox, “Frederick Sherwood
Dunn and the American Study of International Relations,” 15 World Politics 1– 19
(1962). On E. H. Carr, see Charles Jones, E. H. Carr and International Relations: A
Duty to Lie (Cambridge University Press, 1998). On Hans Morgenthau, see Ko-
skenniemi, Gentle Civilizer of Nations, 436– 65; Smith, Realist Th ought, 134– 64;
Michael Williams (ed.), Realism Reconsidered: Th e Legacy of Hans Morgenthau in
International Relations (Oxford University Press, 2007); and Oliver Jutersonke,
“Hans J. Morgenthau on the Limits of Justiciability in International Law,” 8 JHIL
181– 211 (2006).
For a vigorous and stylish pre sen ta tion of the case against basing international law
on sanctions and coercion, see Gerhardt Niemeyer, Law Without Force: Th e Function
of Politics in International Law (Prince ton University Press, 1941).
- Building Anew
Th ere is remarkably little writing on legal issues of the Second World War, in contrast
with the First. Th ere is, however, much information on occupation of territory and
related matters in Mark Mazower, Hitler’s Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Eu rope (Pen-
guin, 2008). Events immediately aft erward, however, have attracted much interest.
Th ere are many accounts of the Nuremberg Trials. From the legal standpoint, the best
are Telford Taylor, Th e Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir (Little,
Brown, 1992); and Kevin Jon Heller, Th e Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Ori-
gins of International Criminal Law (Oxford University Press, 2011). See also Bradley F.
Smith, Reaching Judgment at Nuremberg (André Deutsch, 1977); Joseph H. Persico,
Nuremberg: Infamy on Trial (Penguin, 1994); John Tusa and Ann Tusa, Th e Nurem-
berg Trial (Macmillan, 1983); and Gary Jonathan Bass, Stay the Hand of Vengeance:
Th e Politics of War Crimes Tribunals (Prince ton University Press, 2000), 147– 205. On
the High Command Trial, which took place aft er the main Nuremberg proceedings
and dealt with military leaders, see Valerie Genviève Hébert, Hitler’s Generals on
Tr i a l : Th e Last War Crimes Tribunal at Nuremberg (University Press of Kansas, 2010).
For a searching legal case against the tribunal’s ruling, see Leo Gross, “Th e Criminal-
ity of Aggressive War,” 41 Am. Pol. Sci. Rev. 205– 25 (1947).
On the analogous Far Eastern trials, the leading work is Robert Cryer and Neil
Boister, Th e Tokyo International Military Tribunal (Oxford University Press, 2008).
See also Philip R. Piccigallo, Th e Japa nese on Trial: Allied War Crimes Operations in
the East, 1945– 1951 (University of Texas Press, 1979), 9– 33; and Arnold C. Brackman,
Th e Other Nuremberg: Th e Untold Story of the Tokyo War Crimes Trials (Col lins,
