INDEx • 283and Ben-Zvi, 123, 124–25, 237; as cate-
gory of interpretation, 3–7, 10; and
Christian hatred of Jews, 106–7, 114;
as common to Jews and Muslims, 106,
107, 114; and Darwinism, 26–28, 139;
as distinction and source of intercom-
munal commonality, 243; and Egypt,
28, 29; and Egypt’s relationship to
Sudan, 139; in European thought, 30,
139, 140, 146; and European Zionists,
30–31; in Hebrew Zionist press, 9; in
al-Hilāl, 9, 28; and Israel, 246–47; Jews
as, 31, 138, 139–43; as link between
Jews and Arabs, 6, 133, 143–50, 240;
and Makaryus, 140–41, 173; and
N. Malul, 233; in al-Manār, 9; and Man-
date for Palestine, 237–38, 239, 240,
241–45; in al-Muqtaṭaf, 9; and Nahḍa,
26; and nation, 31; and nationalism,
6–7, 13, 237; and Palestinians, 246–47;
and Paris Peace Conference, 242; and
post-Holocaust Jewish perspectives, 13;
and postwar treaties, 242–43; Rida on,
153, 154; rights irrespective of, 241,
243, 244–45; and Russian antisemitism,
85; as source of difference and poten-
tial conflict, 243; and Syria, 29; as
taboo subject, 13; and toleration vs.
persecution of Jews, 159; as tool of
inclusion or annexation, 237; Turkish,
25; and Turks in Ottoman Empire, 139;
and Young Turk Revolution, 24–26;
and J. Zaydan, 28, 141–43; and Zion-
ism, 13, 94, 107, 139n26
Radler-Feldmann, Yehoshua, “Concerning
Our Arab Question,” 93, 94
Red Slip policy. See Ottoman Empire
Reform Jews, 62–63, 66, 229
religion, 235; and ʿAbboud, 236, 238; in
ha-Aḥdut, 101; and assimilation by
western Jews, 87; and Ben-Gurion,
121–22; and Ben-Zvi, 125–26; as cate-
gory of interpretation, 3–7, 10; and
Christian missionaries, 30; and Chris-
tians’ hatred for Jews, 114–20, 121;
essential sameness of all, 222, 224; and
government, 165; in Hebrew Zionist
press, 8–9; in ha-Ḥerut, 98–99, 100,
101–2, 103; and intercommunal com-
monality, 243; and Israeli-Palestinian
conflict, 245–46; and Jewish-Arab ra-
cial link, 148; Jews as, 66, 89, 91, 138–
39, 142, 155; and M. R. al-Khalidi, 8,
45, 80; and Kremer, 105–6; and N.
Malul, 10, 222, 224–28, 233–34; and
Mandate for Palestine, 237–40, 241–45;
and millet system, 19–20, 238–39; and
modernity, 5n6, 8n13; and morality,
224–25; and Moyal, 10, 199, 233; and
nationalism, 6–7, 13; and nationality,
138–39; in Ottoman Empire, 19–20;
and Ottoman military draft, 22–23; and
Palestinians, 245–46; Rida on, 153,
154, 165; rights irrespective of, 241,
243, 244–45; and socialist nationalist
ideologues, 95; as source of difference
and potential conflict, 243; as taboo
subject, 13; and Tanzimat, 20–23; and
toleration vs. persecution of Jews, 159;
in ha-Ẓevi (ha-Or; Hashkafah), 99–102,
103; and Zionism, 94
Religious Communities Organization
Ordinance, 238
Rida, Muhammad Rashid, 134–35, 148–
49, 157, 159, 161; and antisemitism,
153–54, 156, 157; and Makaryus, 11,
177–78; and Qurʾan, 163, 166, 168; on
religious toleration, 151–54; Shubuhāt
an-naṣārā wa-ḥujaj al-islām, 74; and
Torah, 161, 162, 163–64, 166, 169; and
Zionism, 162, 165–69, 178. See also
al-Manār (The Beacon)
Rire, Le, 180
Rishon Le-Zion, 33
rishon le-ẓiyon, 36
Rohling, August, Der Talmudjude, 202
Romaniot, Ashkenazim, Italians, 36
Rome, ancient, 15
Rosh Pina, 33
Rothschild, Alphonse de, 180
Rothschild family, 87, 154–57, 174–75,
183