The Mongols and the Black Sea Trade in the 13th and 14th Centuries

150 chapter four show—were lasting effects of the new balance of power in Western asia and eastern and South-eastern europe. thu ...

the golden horde and the black sea 151 Byzantine emperor Michael VIII palaiologos on 13th March 1261, and took effect in summer ...

152 chapter four this second Genoese push into the Black Sea, after that of 1261, is cru- cial to understanding the history of t ...

the golden horde and the black sea 153 agreement. all of the sources invoked date from a later period, and none has been able to ...

154 chapter four between the capitals on the Nile and the Volga.37 It is also well-known that the Genoese were involved in this ...

the golden horde and the black sea 155 there is no question that even after 1261 Soldaia continued to be the chief commercial ce ...

156 chapter four of the many settlements on the crimea’s South-east coast, the only one which could compete with Soldaia as a ga ...

the golden horde and the black sea 157 caffa are documented in 1289–1290, and are a sign of good relations and cooperation.56 It ...

158 chapter four which di Sambuceto notarised, these furnish a comprehensive picture of how caffa’s commerce entered a whole new ...

the golden horde and the black sea 159 swerve from this line.67 their determination here was doubtless highly profitable as well ...

160 chapter four concluding a treaty with the emperor andronikos II palaiologos in 1285 which allowed them to take part in Black ...

the golden horde and the black sea 161 although the fate of the Genoese seemed to have been sealed when their two bases in the B ...

162 chapter four had sent his grandson to bilād Qirim [crimea] to collect tribute due from the inhabitants. he came to the town ...

the golden horde and the black sea 163 the settlement began almost anonymously, but by the end of the thir- teenth century it wa ...

164 chapter four were taken by surprise within Golden horde territory, going about their ordinary business. though the confiscat ...

the golden horde and the black sea 165 longer ago than 1303:85 we can clearly rule out the idea that the caffans would have been ...

166 chapter four tax-payers.91 the inevitable result of bleeding away such subjects could only be that the ulus became dangerous ...

the golden horde and the black sea 167 appear unconvincing, but they do reveal that scholars feel the need to find law-enforceme ...

168 chapter four of their state, a mostly military structure which depended for its continu- ation on importing slaves from the ...

the golden horde and the black sea 169 way that events turned against them in Georgia and the Mamluk frontier in Syria gave toqt ...