America\'s Military Adversaries. From Colonial Times to the Present

painted by noted frontier artist George Catlin before dying at his village in November 1836. See also Little Turtle; Tecumseh Bi ...

ators after the aborted February 26, 1936, coup. He was consequently re- warded with a promotion to the staff of the Kwan- tung ...

thermore, when Roosevelt declared that sanc- tions would remain in place until Japan evac- uated the Chinese mainland, Tojo real ...

TOKYOROSE Tokyo Rose (July 4, 1916–) American Collaborator A World War II prop- aganda icon—and one of the earliest female disc ...

as broadcasters on the nightly “Zero Hour.” Introducing herself as Orphan Annie, she spun the latest American jazz records laced ...

stripped her of her citizenship, and levied a $10,000 fine. Toguri remained behind bars until April 13, 1956. Once released she ...

disputes with the Chero- kee Indians in an attempt to secure peace along the frontier and enforce the Proclamation of 1763. He t ...

came to the fore that demanded Tryon’s ab- solute attention. The British government still desired an in- creased flow of revenue ...

VANDORN, EARL Van Dorn, Earl (September 17, 1820–May 7, 1863) Confederate General A lthough he mishandled his two major engageme ...

Hatchie River, sustaining further losses. Van Dorn consequently endured a court of inquiry regarding charges of drunkenness; he ...

DEVAUDREUIL, PHILIPPEDERIGAUD de Vaudreuil, Philippe de Rigaud (ca. 1643–October 10, 1725) French Colonial Governor F or more th ...

tion. The effort held him in good stead when, following Calliere’s sudden death in 1703, Vaudreuil won appointment as governor o ...

DEVAUDREUIL, PIERREDERIGAUD Utrecht in 1712, were not only at peace but also official allies; hence, he was to take no steps to ...

DEVAUDREUIL, PIERREDERIGAUD Despite his youth he proved himself a reason- ably competent officer and by 1726 had risen in rank t ...

fare. Acting in concert with a small but pro- fessional corps of regular French infantry, ex- perienced in European-style warfar ...

VICTORIO Victorio (ca. 1825–October 16, 1880) Apache War Chief V ictorio was one of the most skillful guerrilla leaders of Nativ ...

riorated over the issue of unchecked white settle- ment, Victorio accompa- nied Mangas and Cochise on many frontier raids. He wa ...

and a large body of Mexican solders to hunt the renegades down. The Mexican effort was assisted by several bodies of American sc ...

coming the head of a large family at the age of Five years later, he killed a man attempting to rape his sister and fled to the ...

other brilliant victory by capturing Ciudad Juarez a second time and was hailed as the “Centaur of the North.” Having undisputed ...