How Not to Network a Nation. The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet

66 Chapter 2 The fundamental thrust of Libermanism, as it became known, was not a sweeping reform of the command economy or its ...

Economic Cybernetics and Its Limits 67 to advance the OGAS Project for economic reform). Adopted by Aleksei Kosygin and implemen ...

68 Chapter 2 The most prominent pioneer and precursor to economic cybernetics was Leonid Kantorovich (1912–1986), a prodigious p ...

Economic Cybernetics and Its Limits 69 Economists worldwide recognized the promise of this profit-by-plan- ning model, especiall ...

70 Chapter 2 self-evident to the economic bureaucracy that computers were not value- neutral: cyberneticists ran them, and no st ...

Economic Cybernetics and Its Limits 71 Most cyberneticists came from the technical, theoretical, and natural sci- ences—fields t ...

72 Chapter 2 Vertical Bargaining and Other Organizational Dissonance in the Soviet Command Economy This chapter’s consideration ...

Economic Cybernetics and Its Limits 73 All negotiation processes were structured for expressing “mutually con- tradictory motive ...

74 Chapter 2 chemical complex of Shchenkino in Tula, Russia, “were trapped into being, in fact, punished with an intensification ...

Economic Cybernetics and Its Limits 75 The command economy operated on hidden networks of tolkachy (liter- ally “pushers”) or “g ...

76 Chapter 2 unregulated nature of his rule. Even his famous “secret speech” to a crowded Party congress in 1956, which was the ...

Economic Cybernetics and Its Limits 77 the levels of the planning, the reluctance of ministries to cooperate out- side their ass ...

78 Chapter 2 Conclusion As Soviet economic cyberneticists emerged as a viable option in the early 1960s and again early 1970s, t ...

Economic Cybernetics and Its Limits 79 the military sectors also attracted the best and the brightest because those sectors were ...

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In the late 1950s and early 1960s, economic cybernetics—with its nonlinear mathematical mindset—appeared to be a near-perfect ap ...

82 Chapter 3 cyberneticist, Anatoly Ivanovich Kitov (1920–2005). The son of a White army (Menshevik) officer who escaped persecu ...

From Network to Patchwork 83 the anti-American ideological critique that had been waged since its first mention in the Soviet pr ...

84 Chapter 3 central Kazakhstan) to a master computer center just outside of Moscow some seven thousand kilometers away. Other r ...

From Network to Patchwork 85 the first call to harness computational power into raising the quality of economic planning in a 19 ...