How Not to Network a Nation. The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet

86 Chapter 3 letter to Khrushchev set into motion a sea change that swept up strong state support for cybernetics. A signal poli ...

From Network to Patchwork 87 Kitov named this first national network the Economic Automatic Man- agement Systems (EASU, for Ekon ...

88 Chapter 3 with the “hope that it would be accepted,” he later remarked, “just as easily as the previous one.”^18 Unfortunatel ...

From Network to Patchwork 89 underscored the military’s possessiveness and unwillingness to share infor- mation technology with ...

90 Chapter 3 major savings and “reductions in the administrative apparatus (in some cases 80–90%).”^26 In 1961, his advice to re ...

From Network to Patchwork 91 although this or any other “first” claim ignores the complex interdepen- dencies of institutions an ...

92 Chapter 3 intelligence community knew about Soviet cybernetic developments before 1964, when Soviet specialists at the CIA be ...

From Network to Patchwork 93 across the American academy—first at the University of California at Los Angeles, Stanford Universi ...

94 Chapter 3 justifications to design, fund, and build a nationwide communication net- work that could survive a nuclear attack ...

From Network to Patchwork 95 Department ordered ARPA to design a “survivable” network that would last long enough in a nuclear s ...

96 Chapter 3 Pitts, Jerome Lettvin, Humberto Maturana, and others. Much of this char- acterized “McCulloch’s version of the brai ...

From Network to Patchwork 97 the Defense Communication Agency, would “screw it up and then no one else would be allowed to try, ...

98 Chapter 3 although this proposal—for a network that was formally called the “unified all-government system for the transmissi ...

From Network to Patchwork 99 the relations between people, but also in the interactions between man and machine, as well as in t ...

100 Chapter 3 society processes can be expressed as an exponential function of the transis- tors on the circuits its industries ...

From Network to Patchwork 101 slightly in advance and create the needed operating reserves. The center appoints the pathways for ...

102 Chapter 3 November 1962 Plenary Meeting of the Communist Central Committee, decisions were made to mechanize and automate bo ...

From Network to Patchwork 103 Conclusion By 1963, with three national network proposals already on the table— Kitov’s EASU, Khar ...

104 Chapter 3 ever further, networking all technical signals into a network resembling the pyramidal state while staying silent ...

From Network to Patchwork 105 the health of the man appointed to steer its grandiose technical ambitions, and Kovalev’s “rationa ...