Western Civilization.p
140Chapter 8 rivers. From the western branch of the Dvina, which flows into the Baltic at Riga, they were able to reach the head ...
The Beginnings of the Feudal Age141 and-a-half grains for every seed planted were probably normal. Distances were huge and major ...
142Chapter 8 two innovations: the iron horseshoe and the stirrup. Neither were in common use before the ninth century. The iron ...
The Beginnings of the Feudal Age143 has been given sanction in law. In practice, the idea probably dates back to the oaths taken ...
144Chapter 8 Muslims were increasingly distracted by a series of civil wars. The hard work of dislodging them from their bases i ...
The Beginnings of the Feudal Age145 feudal contracts. Rulers were reluctant to impoverish the widows and orphans of loyal vassal ...
146Chapter 8 which they always pursued on horseback, was a form of military exercise. The provision of labor was therefore a pro ...
The Beginnings of the Feudal Age147 all sorts of armed marauders, including neighboring lords whose behavior was often no better ...
148Chapter 8 fragments of land scattered over several square miles. Parcels of arable land might also be set aside for the lord ...
The Beginnings of the Feudal Age149 within the limits of their traditional social order, though the basis of land tenure changed ...
150Chapter 8 subsistence agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering. Because they produced no surplus and were prohibited ...
The Beginnings of the Feudal Age151 The conversion to feudal and manorial tenures seems more dramatic when seen in relation to i ...
152Chapter 8 daughters but no son. Eleanor soon married Henry II of England, her junior by ten years. Henry was a man of boundle ...
The Beginnings of the Feudal Age153 central issue of west European politics until the fif- teenth century. The establishment of ...
154Chapter 8 their institutions, which were controlled by officers of the crown. By the end of the thirteenth century, Philip’s ...
The Beginnings of the Feudal Age155 women in religious orders in the Ottonian Empire (see illustration 8.6). Abbesses of great c ...
156Chapter 8 war, and they could coin money—but feudal kingdoms were inherently unstable because the crown held no monopoly on t ...
CHAPTER OUTLINE I. Introduction II. Monastic Revival and Papal Reform A. The Investiture Controversy and Its Aftermath B. The Ne ...
158Chapter 9 from the dark days of the tenth century to the glories of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries—the great age of cat ...
Medieval Religion and Thought159 highest offices would be occupied by political hacks in- capable of furthering the work of refo ...
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