Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation

of textual criticism to the Church Fathers. In 1496 he re- turned to Magdalen College, Oxford, where he introduced the study of ...

Colonna, Vittoria (1492–1547) Italian poet A member of an illustrious Roman Ghibelline family, she was betrothed at the age of f ...

canery. In France, the Feast of Fools was introduced in cathedral liturgies between Christmas and the Octave of the Epiphany (Ja ...

of Hero (1575). He also wrote an original treatise on the center of gravity of solid bodies (1565). At his death Com- mandino wa ...

Major rivers like the Po, Adige, Ebro, and Rhine were still prime routes for travel and trade, but were becoming unpopular becau ...

reason the Formula never possessed the authority of the Confession of AUGSBURG. condottieri Mercenaries employed by Italian stat ...

Once Constantinople was under Turkish rule few westerners were enthusiastic about attempting to regain it for Christendom, despi ...

Sultan (London: Putnam, 1956); Gülru Necipolglu, Archi- tecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and ...

wrote poetry and plays and in his prose works, many of them polemics against the Calvinists, he strove to improve the quality of ...

Cornaro, Caterina (1454–1510) Queen of Cyprus (1472–89) A Venetian noblewoman, she married James II of Cyprus by proxy in 1468 i ...

cortegiano, Il See COURTIER, THE Cortés, Hernán (1485–1547) Spanish soldier, conqueror of Mexico Born at Medellin, Estremadura, ...

matter, were carried around the earth by solid crystalline spheres. All such bodies moved in circular orbits with a perfectly un ...

one of the anti-Calvinist satires that brought the academy into disfavor with the authorities; in other respects the tragedies, ...

varied and included the DOGEand his six councillors. The council employed spies, received reports, conducted se- cret diplomacy, ...

trition abounded: St. Peter shedding tears after having de- nied Jesus; St. Mary Magdalene’s remorse for her earlier life. To en ...

of his adult life. Philip II appointed him as royal histori- ographer, a position he used to expose the decadence of Portuguese ...

tures. With his Frankfurt Venus (1532) he perfected a par- ticular type of slender, palid female nude which he and his workshop ...

model, and epic as the supreme genre. Giangiorgio TRISSINO’s Poetica (parts 1–4, 1529; 5–6, essentially a translation of the Poe ...

ters. Lorenzo VALLA, who went so far as to emend the Vul- gate itself, exposed the socalled Donation of Constantine, purportedly ...

built the Sala del Consiglio (now Sala dei Cinquecento) of the Palazzo Vecchio to accommodate the council insti- tuted by SAVONA ...