Western Civilization - History Of European Society

540 Chapter 27 Europe in 1900 was the scene of a heated arms race, sustained by a mentality that glorified military action. When ...

Imperialism, War, and Revolution, 1881–1920 541 stronger than the chemical industry that stood behind it; mass armies, and the t ...

542 Chapter 27 stand down. When the Russians did not, the German army invaded Belgium. This violation of the interna- tional tre ...

Imperialism, War, and Revolution, 1881–1920 543 ern Allies), Turkey (on the side of Germany and the Central Powers), and many sm ...

544 Chapter 27 trenches. (Trenches were typically seven to eight feet deep and six to seven feet wide, dug in parallel lines wit ...

Imperialism, War, and Revolution, 1881–1920 545 died in offensives that failed to break the stalemate. Heavy artillery bombardme ...

54 6Chapter 27 typically endured lesser hardships. The war brought martial law in many countries (starting with Germany), press ...

Imperialism, War, and Revolution, 1881–1920 547 bringing the nation to the brink of starvation, and dis- content was so severe t ...

548 Chapter 27 generals called for an armistice in mid-1918. In early November, the German navy at Kiel mutinied rather than con ...

Imperialism, War, and Revolution, 1881–1920 549 clothing; conscripts were even sent into battle without equipment. Army morale c ...

550 Chapter 27 During its brief existence, the Provisional Govern- ment faced numerous problems. It remained at war with Germany ...

Imperialism, War, and Revolution, 1881–1920 551 soldiers held Moscow, Smolensk, and Kazan (see map 27.5). An All-Russian Congres ...

552 Chapter 27 to talks at Brest-Litovsk (today in Belarus) in December They presented Russia with severe terms (far more sever ...

CHAPTER OUTLINE I. Introduction II. The Peace of Paris, 1919–20 III. Economic Recovery and the Reconstruction of Europe in the 1 ...

554Chapter 28 after the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II, could only hope that the treaty would be based on the idealistic Fourte ...

Europe in an Age of Dictatorship, 1919–39555 The most important authors of the postwar world were Clemenceau and Lloyd George, n ...

556Chapter 28 joined Poland (Upper Silesia) and Romania (Transylva- nia) or the newly created states of Czechoslovakia and Yugos ...

Europe in an Age of Dictatorship, 1919–39557 and Germany combined accounted for 25.7 percent. Debt slowed the recovery. Governme ...

558Chapter 28 allowed the consumption of narcotic drugs during the prewar Belle Époque, joined in an international conven- tion ...

Europe in an Age of Dictatorship, 1919–39559 smaller portion of labor unions than they had been in 1913, though nearly one milli ...