Ile-de-France, 145 , 176 , 207 , 220 , 233 , 250
illumination (manuscripts), 84 , 106 , 270 , 275
definition of, 332
imam, 56 , 87 , 124
India, 53 , 89 , 127 , 244 , 323
indulgences, 302
Innocent III, pope (1198–1216), 229 , 234 , 236
Inquisition, 251 –52
Abbasid Mihna, 92
Spanish, 304
Investiture Conflict (or Controversy), 167 –70, 202 , 208. See also Gregorian Reform
Iran, 87 , 124 , 126 –27, 155 , 157
Iraq, 87 –89, 121 , 123 , 155 , 157 , 198
Ireland, 65 , 72 , 129 , 137 , 203 , 233 , 236 –37
Irene, Byzantine empress, 80 , 98 –99
Isabella d’Este (1474–1539), 304 , 320
Isabella, queen (Spain) (r.1474–1504), 324
Isagoge (Constantine the African), 181
Isidore, bishop of Seville (c.560–636)
Etymologies, 72 –73
Islam, 39 , 50 –58, 73 , 87 , 92 , 109 , 123 –24, 127 , 197 , 241 , 243
ummah, 52 –53
Islamic era. See Hijra
Islamic Spain. See Andalus, al-/Andalusia
Istanbul, 314
Italian language, 314
Italic League, 297
Italy, 1 , 5 , 15 , 24 –25, 28 , 34 , 39 , 58 , 61 , 64 , 72 –75, 80 , 97 –98, 102 , 106 , 119 , 127 , 130 , 132 , 134 –35,
140 –41, 158 , 161 , 163 –64, 166 , 167 , 169 , 174 , 175 , 179 , 186 , 208 , 210 –14, 216 , 219 , 221 , 231 –33,
247 –48, 250 –51, 253 , 266 , 270 , 278 –79, 286 , 295 –97, 301 , 305 , 314 , 320. See also names of individual
Italian cities
Ivan Asen II, tsar (r.1218–1241), 257
Ivory Diptych of Christ and the Virgin (mid-6th century), 46 , 46. See also Maximianus, bishop of Ravenna
Jacquerie, 299
Jael, Humility, and Judith (c.1140), 192 , 193
Jagiellon dynasty, 258