Encyclopedia of the Solar System 2nd ed

80 Encyclopedia of the Solar System 5. The Corona It is customary to subdivide the solar corona into three zones, which all vary ...

The Sun 81 corona. The solar corona consists of many thermally isolated loops, where each one has its own gravitational stratifi ...

82 Encyclopedia of the Solar System heating with subsequent cooling, rather than a stationary hydrostatic equilibrium. High-reso ...

The Sun 83 and with opposite leading polarity in both hemispheres, reversing every 11-year cycle (Hale’s laws). Active regions a ...

84 Encyclopedia of the Solar System FIGURE 12 TRACE 171A ̊ observation of a slow-mode (acoustic) wave recorded on June 13, 2001, ...

The Sun 85 FIGURE 13 Two global wave events observed withSoHO/EIT 195 A, on April 7, 1997 (top row) ̊ and May 12, 1997 (bottom r ...

86 Encyclopedia of the Solar System 1024 1026 1028 1030 1032 Flare energy E [erg] 10 -10 10 -5 100 105 Flare frequency N(E) [10 ...

The Sun 87 FIGURE 15 Left: Geometry of the Sweet–Parker (top) and Petschek reconnection model (bottom). The geometry of the diff ...

88 Encyclopedia of the Solar System FIGURE 15 (Continued) FIGURE 16 Erupting filament observed withTRACEat 171A ̊ on July 19, 20 ...

The Sun 89 a) b) c) d) e) f) FIGURE 17 Left: A version of the standard 2D X-type reconnection model for two-ribbon flares, pione ...

90 Encyclopedia of the Solar System FIGURE 18 Soft X-ray and EUV images of flare loops and flare arcades with bipolar structure. ...

The Sun 91 FIGURE 19 2D numerical MHD simulation of a solar flare with chromospheric evaporation and anisotropic heat conduction ...

92 Encyclopedia of the Solar System Parker-type current sheets. The second group of models en- tails stochastic acceleration by ...

The Sun 93 FIGURE 20 Top: The geometry of the acceleration region inferred from direct detections of above-the-looptop hard X-ra ...

94 Encyclopedia of the Solar System 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 Photon energy (keV) 10 -10 10 -5 100 105 1010 Flux (photons cm - ...

The Sun 95 SXR MW N U III RS DCIM HXR HXR Chromosphere Chromospheric Evaporation Downward Beams Energy Release Acceleration Regi ...

96 Encyclopedia of the Solar System FIGURE 23 Numerical MHD simulation of the evolution of a CME, driven by turbulent diffusion. ...

The Sun 97 FIGURE 24 Large Angle Solar COronagraph (LASCO) C3 image of a halo CME of May 6, 1998 (top); an erupting prominence o ...

98 Encyclopedia of the Solar System space-based (Hinode, SMM, Yohkoh, CGRO, SoHO, TRACE, RHESSI) and ground-based instruments (i ...

100-C 25-C 50-C 75-C C+M 50-C+M C+Y 50-C+Y M+Y 50-M+Y 100-M 25-M 50-M 75-M 100-Y 25-Y 50-Y 75-Y 100-K 25-K 25-19-19 50-K50-40-40 ...