A Concise History of the Middle East

The European Powers and the Eastern Question • 163 dictated the peace terms at San Stefano in February 1878. Because all the oth ...

164 • 10 EUROPEAN INTERESTS AND IMPERIALISM Habsburg Austria Russia's rivals had positive reasons to get involved in the Ottoman ...

The European Powers and the Eastern Question ••• 165 tures and a major supplier of foodstuffs and raw materials to Britain. The ...

166 • 10 EUROPEAN INTERESTS AND IMPERIALISM predominated in what is now northern Lebanon. In the seventh century, the Maronites ...

Conclusion • 167 troops, too, but failed to act at the critical moment) to quell a nationalist uprising in 1882. France's econom ...

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ELEVEN Westernizing Reform in the Nineteenth Century Europe's power rose so dramatically between the sixteenth and nineteenth ce ...

170 • 11 WESTERNIZING REFORM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY may resort to violent revolution, but most successful reforms are achieve ...

Egypt • 171 changes that occurred during his nap. Egypt made the fastest and most dra¬ matic transformation of any Middle Easter ...

172 • 11 WESTERNIZING REFORM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY themselves to be the most sincere friends of the Ottoman sultan and the e ...

Egypt • 173 Mehmet Ali and His Reforms The man who eventually filled that vacuum was a soldier of fortune named Mehmet Ali. He h ...

174 • 11 WESTERNIZING REFORM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY its ships, and munitions plants to turn out guns and bayonets. French ad¬ ...

Westernization of the Ottoman Empire ••• 175 from Western governments, banks, or investors. Few of his heirs matched this boast. ...

176 • 11 WESTERNIZING REFORM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Mahmud II An ill-fated attempt by Selim's successor to revive the nizam s ...

Westernization of the Ottoman Empire ••• 177 other schools were set up to teach European marching music and military sciences. A ...

178 • 11 WESTERNIZING REFORM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY took land east of the Black Sea. Ibrahim's advances into Syria were anoth ...

Westernization of the Ottoman Empire ••• 179 Mustafa Reshid Pasha B y the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire was obviously de ...

180 • 11 WESTERNIZING REFORM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY The Tanzimat was not a total success. Some Ottoman leaders lost the power ...

Persia Under the Qajars • 181 pushing into the Caucasus region and into such Central Asian lands as Transoxiana, Khwarizm, and K ...

182 • 11 WESTERNIZING REFORM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY manufacturing. The shah began selling these monopolies as concessions to ...