550 • IndexOrthodox. See Greek Orthodox
Christianity
Osiris, 17
Oslo I/II Accords (Declaration of
Principles), 410-415
Osman I (sultan), 4,140,141
Osman II (sultan), 159
Osmanlilar, 147,195
Ottoman Decentralization Party, 209
Ottoman Empire, 4, 111, 126,129,131,
134,137,138,139,142-156,
U5map, 157,159-162,164,165,
169,170,175,177. See also Greek
Orthodox Christianity; Turkey
Arabs under, 204-205
beginnings of, 140-141
Britain and, 164-165,180
causes/symptoms of decline, 158
constitution of, 195,196, 197
decline of, 150-153
expansion of, 141-142
inflation in, 151
Jews and, 277
meritocracy in, 146
military defeats of, 177-178
nationalism in, 195-196
reforms in, 159,170
Russia and, 178
Saudi Arabia and, 243
secular, 229, 233,235, 238
Sultans of, 138,139/
Westernization of, 175-180
World War 1,209-216
zenith of, 143-144
Ottoman way, 147
Ottomanism, 195-198
Oxus River, 74,95,103
Ozal, Turgut, 235
Paganism, in Arabia, 30
Pahlavi (language), 21
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah, 241-242,
367, 371, 372, 373, 374, 376
Pahlavi, Reza Shah
fall of, 240-241
Mustafa Kemal compared with, 238,239
reforms of, 239-240
rise of, 224,237-238
Pakistan, 20, 74
Palestine, 7,91,158,212,213,221,
269-290. See also Israel; Zionism
Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry
on, 287
Arabs and, 269-270
Balfour Declaration and, 216,277,278,
279,285, 335
Britain and, 277-281,293
civil war in, 286-287
creation of Israel from, 289-290
Egypt and, 281, 304
Jewish immigration to, 217,279,280,
282,283,284,285,286, 287,
289,425
Jews settlement of, 3 311,324,330,334,
348, 388, 389,410,411,413-416,
439,440,441
nationalism in, 185
partitions of, 285,287-289,2SSmap
UN partition plan for, 287-289,
288map
United States role in, 286
white paper concerning, 284-285
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO),
323, 336,337, 342,344, 352,355,
356, 359-362, 364,369,377,385,
388-393, 398,400,407-414.
See also Fidaiyin
Palestine National Council, 282,408
Palestine mandate, 279-280
Palestinians. See also Arabs; Jordan;
Lebanon; Palestine Liberation
Organization; Refugees
autonomy for, 363
elections, 443
first intifada of, 406-408
Lebanon and, 300
as political force, 335-337
populations in Middle East, 532f
refugees, 291,296,297,298,299, 300,
302, 305, 307,315, 323, 335,336,
359,410,415,440,444
Palmyra, 24