A Concise History of the Middle East

552 Index

Popular Front for the Liberation of
Palestine (PFLP), 342
Port Said, 187,314
Portugal, 74,154
Positive neutralism, 305,306, 319, 326
Poverty, 262,273, 304,320, 369, 394,
422,441
Prayer
direction of, 33, 36, 38
to Jerusalem, 33, 36, 38
Predestination, 44, 83,123, 124
Prester John, 134
Printing press, 159,172
"Project for the New American
Century," 433
Prophets, 45-46,46. See also Muhammad
Protestantism, 27,98,206, 207
Prussia, 162,163, 382
Punjab, 74

al-Qadhafi, Mu'ammar, 340, 344,348, 363,
370, 387
Qadis, 112
Qadisiya, Battle of, 56, 57
al-Qahirah,91
al-Qa'ida, 417,420,423,426,427,429,430,
431,434,435
Qajar dynasty, 180-182,198, 236.
See also Persia
Qanuns, 113
Qarmatians, 89
Qasim, Abd al-Karim, 319, 320, 322, 399
Qatar, basic statistics for, 53If
Qays, 66, 68
Qazvin, 154
Qom, 372, 374, 375
Qubilai Khan, 135
Quran, 29-30, 34, 36, 39,43,45, 83,124
authoritative version of, 59
as God-created vs. eternally existing, 45,
83,84,123
jurisprudence and, 109
Quranic revelation, 33, 34, 36,38,44, 50
Quraysh tribe, 26,29, 30,34,41, 59, 65,

71,114

Qutb, Sayyid, 326

Rabin, Yitzhak, 354, 362,411,

412,413

Racism, 98, 199,205,356

Radio Cairo, 316

Raids, 24, 36, 37,84,97,100,101,140,141,

142,220,243, 244,277,289. See also

Rebellions; Wars

Railroads, 4 21,183, 184,188,189,247,

257, 370

Ramadan, 31,40,47,48,117, 349

Ramleh, 294

Rashid al-Din, 136

Rashid dynasty, 243,244

Rashidun, 62

Reagan Peace Plan, 390

Reagan, Ronald, 368, 378,379,383, 387,

389, 390, 392, 394, 395

Re'aya, 149, 195

Rebellions, 39, 53, 63,69, 81,211,282, 284,

340, 398. See also Intifada; Wars

Jewish, 18

Red Sea, 8,18,26

Reformation, 161

Reforms, 169-170. See also

Industrialization; Westernization

Refugees

Afghan, 381

Iraqi, 425

Jewish, 286,287, 306, 307

Kurdish, 423

Palestinian, 296, 297,298,299,300, 302,

305, 307, 315,323, 335, 336,359,

410,415,440,444

Reginald of Châtillon, 100

Relationships. See Personal relationships

Religion, nationalism and, 186. See also

specific religions

Religious minorities, in Muslim countries,

115-116

Renaissance, 159

Reshid, Mustafa, 178,179

de Reuter, Baron, 199

Revenge, 24

Revisionists, 280

Reza Khan. See Pahlavi, Reza Shah

Rhodes, 146