SAT Subject Test Chemistry,10 edition

(A) 1.7 × 10 −10 M (B) 3.4 × 10 −10 M (C) 1.3 × 10 −5 M (D) 2.6 × 10 −5 M ...

Answer Key REVIEW QUESTIONS 1 . See Answers and Explanations 2 . A 3 . See Answers and Explanations 4 . C ...

Answers and Explanations REVIEW QUESTIONS 1 . It can also be expressed in terms of pressures. 2 . A The larger t ...

Chapter 11 Thermochemistry In the last chapter, we introduced the equilibrium constant, which allows us to decr ...

Systems and Surroundings: The First Law of Thermodynamics The term system is used to describe the particular ...

first law of thermodynamics states that the change in the internal energy of a system is equal to the heat ...

Heat Heat is often considered a form of energy associated with temperature. Based on the equation above, ...

energy. In solids, for example, the atoms vibrate about their equilibrium positions; the stronger these vibrations, ...

energy of the particles in a system; this occurs during a phase change. Heat is required to melt somethi ...

The flat portions imply that the temperature is not changing, and correspond to the processes of melting and b ...

States and State Functions The state of a system is described by the macroscopic properties of the system. Exam ...

on the enthalpies of the initial and final states, not on the path. Thus, to find the enthalpy change of a r ...

(the two possible sequences share the same initial state and the same final state), the change in enthalpy ...

g) where ∆Hd = ∆He + ∆Hf + ∆Hg. Standard Enthalpy of Formation Hess’s law is useful because measuring the ch ...

∆H°rxn = (sum of ∆H°f of products) – (sum of ∆H°f of reactants) Earlier we gave a general definitio ...

(i.e., bond breaking is endothermic). Bond energy, or bond dissociation energy, is an average of the ener ...

∆Hf of C (g) = 715 kJ/mol Solution: For each mole of CH 4 formed, 2 moles of H—H bonds are broken and 4 ...

ENTROPY Entropy (S) is a measure of the disorder, or randomness, of a system. The units of entropy are energy/tempe ...

∆Suniverse = ∆Ssystem + ∆Ssurroundings ≥ 0 Note that the entropy of a system can decrease, as long as ...

∆G = ∆H – T∆S where T is the absolute temperature. Spontaneity of Reaction In the equilibrium state, free ene ...