Havana, Cuba, 27, 28
Hawkins, John, 50
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
(1903), 129–30
Hayek, Selma, 235
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901),
129
Hayworth, Rita (Margaret
Carmen Cansino), 235
health
farm/migrant workers, 191,
196
health insurance, 216
health status, 225, 227
programs to improve, 126,
192, 1240125
Hearst, William Randolph,
118–19
Henry, Patrick, 66
Hernandez v. Texas, 190–91
Herrera, Omar Torrijos, 189
Herrera, Silvestre S., 157
H-5A visa program, 222–23
Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel, 71,
73–74
Hispanic-American theater, 162
Hispaniola. See alsoDominican
Republic; Haiti
colonization of, 23–24, 26
encomiendasystem, 30
genocide in, 28–29
slavery in, 31
U.S. policy in, 131
Hitchcock, Ethan Allen, 90
Hohokam, 12
Hollywood, California, 140, 164
Holy Roman Empire, 63
home ownership, 227
Homestead Act (1862), 102
Honduras
gold mining, 43
modern, founding of, 83
pre-Columbian civilizations, 8
immigrants from, 188–89,
198–99, 210
U.S. policy in, 130
Hoover, Herbert, 151–52
Hopi, 53
horses, 55
Hostos, Eugenio María de, 115
Houston, Sam, 87–88, 90
H-2A Visa program, 217–18
Huáscar (Incan emperor), 37–38
Huayna Capac (Incan emperor),
37–38
Huereaux, Ulises, 131
Huerta, Baldemar (Freddy
Fender), 166
Huerta, Dolores, 191–93
Huerta, Victoriano, 135
Hughes, Langston, 148
Huguenots, 47–48
Humboldt, Alexander von, 70
I
Iberian Peninsula, Iberians, 1–3,
5, 28, 41, 65, 70, 234
Ibo, 16
immigration. See alsomigrant
laborers and specific countries and
states
braceroprograms, 167–71
to California, 88, 92
from Central America,
188–89, 209–10
from Cuba, 113–14, 148–49,
161, 179–81, 182, 205–7
from the Dominican
Republic, 184–85, 202–4
from Guatemala, 188–89,
198–99, 210–11
H-2A visa program, 217–19
H-5A visa program, 222–23
illegal, 150–53, 186–88,
196–99, 215–18, 220–24
immigrants vs.refugees, 211
impact of NAFTA, 220–21
impact of railroads, 116–17
from Latin America, 185–86,
196–99
from Mexico, 137–40,
142–44, 170–72
from Nicaragua, 210
from Puerto Rico, 114, 125,
147–48, 161, 175–76
from Spain, 112, 149
U.S. border fence, 222–23
U.S. debates about, 215–16
during World War II, 156
Immigration and Nationality Act
of 1965, 185–86
Immigration Reform and
Control Act (IRCA) of 1986,
197
Imperial Valley Workers’ Union,
146
Inca Empire, 10–11, 36–39
income, median, 225–27
independence movements. See
specific countries
Indiana, 152
influenza, 39
intendencias(New Spain), 64
Interdepartmental Rio Grande
Board, 155
Iran-Contra scandal, 210
Isabella I of Castile (queen of
Spain), 6, 21, 23, 24, 28
Isabella II (queen of Spain), 112
Islam, in Spain, 4, 6, 65
Iturbide, Augustín de (Agustin I),
74
J
Jackson, Andrew, 71, 89
Jackson, Thomas (“Stonewall”),
95
Jaramillo, Joe, 201
Jefferson, Thomas, 72
Jesuit priests/missionaries, 45
Jews, in Spain, 6
jíbaro, 237
Jimenez, Flaco, 166
Jiménez, Juan Ramón, 149
Jiménez, Luis, 165
John of the Cross, Saint, 65
John I (king of Portugal), 5
John II (king of Portugal), 24
John VI (king of Portugal), 71
Jones, Thomas Catesby, 88
Jones Act (1917), 125
“Juan Flores Revolution,” 106
Juana Inés de la Cruz, 44, 45
Juanita, 103
Juárez, Benito, 110–11
Julia, Raul, 163, 236
Julia de Burgos Cultural Center,
235
K
KCOR-TV, San Antonio, 233
Kearny, Stephen Watts, 90–93
Kennedy, Edward M., 215, 222
Kennedy, John F., 182
Kennedy, Robert F., 193
Khrushchev, Nikita, 182
Kino, Eusebio, 55
Knights of Labor, 116
Kongo, Kingdom of, 16, 17
Korean War, 170
Ku Klux Klan, 145
Kyl-Cornayn bill, 223
L
La Bamba(movie), 161
La Carreta(Marqués), 163
La Opinión, 233–34
La Prensa, 139
La Purísima Concepción, 61
La Raza Unida (The United
People), 161, 193, 194
La Unión de Trabajadores del
Valle Imperial (Union of
Imperial Valley Workers), 146
La Voz del Pueblo(The Voice of
the People), 116
labor struggles, strikes. See also
agricultural workers; United
Farm Workers
Great Depression, 150
Mexican Americans and, 144,
146–47, 155–56, 161
Lamar, Mirabeau Buonaparte, 88
land ownership disputes. See also
Anglo-American settlers
court cases, 102–3
Mexican Revolution and, 134
in New Mexico, 115–16
U.S.-Mexican War and, 100
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 19,
28–29
Las Familias del Pueblo (Village
Families), 201
Las Gorras Blancas (The White
Caps), 116, 117
Latin America. See also specific
countries
immigration from, 185–86
independence movements, 74
U.S.-Mexican War, 129–31
Lau v. Nichols, 200
Laudonnière, René Goulaine de,
48
Laviera, Tato, 164
League of United Latin
American Citizens (LULAC),
150, 193, 233
Lebrón, Lolita, 174
Leguizamo, John, 234, 235, 236
León, kingdom of, 5
Lima (“Ciudad de los Reyes”),
Peru, 38, 44
Lincoln County War, 115
literature, 6, 64, 149, 162
Little Havana, 179–83
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 140
Lone Star Republic (Texas), 88,
90–91
Lope de Vega Carpio, 65
Lopez, Jennifer, 235
Lopez, José M., 158
Lopez, Lenin, 201
López, Nancy, 237
Los Angeles, California, 62, 101,
105, 159–60
Los Macheteros, 204–5
Los Niños Héroes (“The Boy
Heroes”), 95
Los Pleneros de La 21, 235
Louis XIV (king of France), 65
Louisiana Purchase, 56
Louisiana Territory, 66–67, 70
Love, Harry, 104
Lozado, Monica, 234
Lucerno, Nicolas, 142
Ludlow, Colorado, 144
Luna, Maximiliano, 122
Luque, Adolfo, 167
lynching, 103, 116, 145
M
Maceo, Antonio, 119–20
Machado, Gerardo, 148
Machito (Frank Grillo), 148, 237
Madero, Francisco, 134–35
Magellan, Ferdinand, 24, 25
Magón, Ricard and Enrique
Flores, 134–35
Magonista Revolt, 134
Maine, USS, 120–21
Mali, Republic of, 14–15
Malinche, 32–33
mambo, 237
Manco Inca (Incan emperor), 38
Mandingo, 17
Mandinka people, 15
Manifest Destiny, 81, 90
maquiladoras, 199, 220–21
mariachi, 237
Mariel boatlift (Marielitos),
205–7
Marín, Francisco Gonzalo
(“Pachin”), 114
Marqués, Rene, 163
Marsans, Armando, 167
Martel, Charles, 114
Martí, José, 114, 118–19
Martín, Leonides M., 108
Martin, Ricky, 236
Martinez, Joe P., 158
Martínez, Manuel, 194
Martinez, Mel, 231
Martinez, Narciso, 166
Martinez, Pedro, 237
Martínez, Vilma, 193
Maryland, 212
Matamoros, Mexico, 199–200
Maximilian (emperor of Mexico),
110–11
Mayan civilization, 8–9
Mbanda, 17
McCain, John, 215, 222
McCain-Kennedy Bill, 222–23
McClellan, George, 95
McKinley, William, 103, 120
media, mass, 233–34
Mejía, Hipólito, 183
Mendoza, Antonio de, 54
Mendoza, Lydia, 166
Mendoza, Pedro de, 41
Menendez, Robert, 231
Menéndez de Avilés, Pedro, 48
Mesoamerican civilizations, 8–10
mestizos, 42, 43
Mexicali, Mexico, 199–200
Mexican American Legal
Defense and Education Fund
(MALDEF), 193–94
Mexican American Political
Association (MAPA), 193
Mexican Americans. See also
discrimination and prejudice
agricultural work by, 142,
144–45
arts and culture, 103, 165
bilingualism, 201
civil rights activism, 193
during the Civil War, 108
discrimination against,
103–6, 115–17, 138
economic problems, 196
labor struggles, 144, 146–47,
155–56, 161
land ownership disputes,
99–103
occupations, 195
population distribution, 1999
vs. 2006, 216
population distribution,
2000, 195–96
religious celebrations, 240
repatriation of, 150–53
repatriation programs,
150–52, 163
during World War II, 156–57
Mexican Liberal Party, 134
“Mexican work,” 115
Mexican-French War of 1861-
1867, 110–11
Mexico
abolition of slavery in, 17
arts and culture, 162–63
braceroprograms, 167–71
colonization by, 35, 75–80,
83–84
Constitution of 1824, 77
Constitution of 1836, 82
Constitution of 1917, 136
encomiendasystem, 29–31
Far Northern region, 75–77,
81
First Federal Republic, 77
independence movements,
71, 73–74, 82
maquiladoras, 198–99
Mayan civilization, 8–9
Mexican Revolution, 133–37
Mexican-French War of
1861-1867, 110–11
mojados, 168–69
Native Americans in, 78
“Noche Triste,” 35–36
political turbulence, 81–82,
198–99
immigrants from, 137–40,
156, 196–99
trade with the United States,
77–78, 220–21
U.S. border towns, 103–6,
199
U.S.-Mexican War, 60,
88–92
Mexico City, Mexico, 44
founding of, 36
during U.S-Mexican War,
94, 95–96
Miami, Florida, 176, 179–83
Michigan, 152
migrant laborers, 143–44. See also
agricultural workers;
immigration
braceroprograms, 167–71
from Central America,
188–89
debates about in the U.S.,
215–18
United Farm Workers,
191–93
Miles, Nelson, 122
military service, U.S.
American Revolution, 66–67,
170
Civil War, 107–9
Korean War, 170
Spanish-American War, 122
Vietnam War, 170
World War I, 140–43
World War II, 156–59
Minoso, Minnie, 167
Minturn v. Brower, 100, 103
248 ATLAS OF HISPANIC-AMERICAN HISTORY
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