166 ❯ STEP 4. Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
Kingdom Plantae
Chlorophytes:green algae that are the common ancestor of land plants.
Bryophytes:first land plants; two important adaptations—waxy cuticle (stop water loss),
gametangia:- Gametangia:protective structures to aid survival of gametes on land.
- Mosses:important bryophyte, dominant life cycle generation is a haploid gametophyte.
Seedless vascular plants:came after bryophytes and had two further changes: - Switch from haploid gametophyte to diploid sporophyte as dominant generation.
- Development of branched sporophytes.
- Ferns:important member, homosporous(bisexual gametophytes).
Gymnosperm:came after seedless vascular plants and had three evolutionary adaptations: - Further increase in dominance of sporophyte generation.
- Birth of pollination.
- Evolution of the seed.
Conifers:plants whose reproductive structure is a cone.
Angiosperm:flowering plants that came after gymnosperms divided into monocotsand
dicots.
Kingdom Fungi
Multicellular, built from hyphae, which can be separated by septae. Fungus walls are con-
structed from chitin.
Life cycle is predominately haploid.Kingdom Animalia
Important characteristics: no cell walls, 2n is dominant, mobile, multicellular, het-
erotrophic, gastrulation.
Four major branchpoints (Figure 13.1).
Common ancestor: choanoflagellate.
Important members (in order of split from phylogenetic tree): sponges (parazoa), jellyfish
(Radiata), flatworms (Acoelomates), roundworms (Pseudocoelomate nematodes), arthro-
pods (protostomes), humans (Chordates).
Skim the information by each subdivision of this kingdom earlier in this chapter for more
information.