348 Indexbrains (cont.)
in the Modern Paleolithic Homo species, 198–199
Neandertal, 192, 198–199, 205, 207
reduced capacity in, 91
and sensory development, 62, 67
size, 179–180, 194, 204–205, 212, 294
and tool use, 180
See also cranium; skulls
breastfeeding, 57, 242–243, 302, 312
Brewster, Karen, 103
Bronze Age, 107, 263, 264
Broom, Robert, 159
Brunet, Michel, 141
Buddhism, 98
burial
overview, 103–105
in China, 269
evidence of, 198 , 215, 222
in Jericho, 244–246
Mesolithic, 244
Neandertal, 197–198, 198
Neolithic, 247 , 247
ochre in, 197
origins of, 99, 190
and social strata, 257, 268
at Stonehenge, 247
See also African Burial Ground Project; rituals,
of burial/cremation
burins, 186, 195 , 203, 213
Burns, Karen, 11
Bush Meat Project, 71
Cahokia Mounds site, 271
Cann, Rebecca, 139
carbon 14 dating, 116 , 117–118
Carder, Nanny, 108
Carmichael, Beryl, 223
Carneiro, Robert, 269
carrying capacity, 304, 316, 320
Caspari, Rachael, 205
castes, 4 , 282
Çatalhöyük site, 255 , 255
Catarrhini infraorder, 58 , 59
catastrophism, 31
cave art, 189, 216–220, 218
See also rock art
cell division, 36–39, 42
cell structure, 34
Central America, 68, 124, 232, 234, 237–238,
238 , 247, 273
See also domestication; Maya civilization; Tikal
centralized authority, 266–270, 273
Cercopithecoidea. See Old World monkeys
Chad, 141, 146, 152 , 153 , 158
Chagas disease, 273
charcoal, 14, 118, 188, 219, 232 , 232, 240–241, 241
Chardin, Pierre Teilhard de, 185
Chennells, Roger, 114
childbirth, 37, 164–165, 183, 294
Childe, V. Gordon, 234–235
chimpanzees
classification, 59
climbing methods, 155–157, 156
communication, 89 , 89–90
culture, 95–96
diet, 170
DNA, 60
grooming, 84
habitat limitations, 124
human rights accorded to, 95
as hunters, 94, 177
hypoglossal canal, 189
in laboratories, 76, 76
learning, 88–89, 89
life cycle, 89
lineage, 59 , 140
as prey, 179
sexual dimorphism, 154
sexuality, 84social organization, 79–81
tool making/use, 93 , 93–95, 163
violent behavior, 80, 94, 177
See also ape-human comparisons; Goodall, Jane
China
animal domestication in, 237, 238
bipeds in, 151
Bronze Age, 263
cities developing in, 253
civilization in, 255, 255
early primates in, 134, 136
food production, 187, 229, 232, 237
grave goods in, 269
H. erectus in, 103, 180, 184–185, 191, 263
H. sapiens in, 191, 194–195, 212
Homo genus in, 180, 206, 208
medical practices in, 307, 314
Neolithic culture in, 255
plant domestication, 229, 237, 244
populations, 296, 316
skin color in, 293
tool making in, 191, 195–196
writing systems in, 266
Yuchanyan cave site, 231–232, 232
Zhoukoudian cave site, 103, 178, 181 , 185 ,
185–186, 208
Chororapithecus abyssinicus, 140, 141
Christianity
creation myths, 28
man the hunter theory and, 179
See also Amish culture; religion; states
chromatids, 34, 38
chromosomes
defined, 33
in cell division, 36–38, 38
genes in, 27, 33–35
and the language gene, 200
in mitochondria, 34 , 206
and mutation, 42, 271–272
pairing, 36 , 38
in prenatal testing, 37
of primates, 60
See also ape-human comparisons
chronometric dating, 114, 116 , 117–119, 138
churingas, 198, 216
Ciochon, Russell L., 178
cities
and cultural change, 262–269
development of, 253–255, 255
disease in, 271–273
food production for, 254, 257
future of, 273, 275
infrastructure of, 254, 254 , 270–271
protection offered by, 273
service industries, 254
waste disposal, 259, 270–272, 272 , 275
See also states
civilization(s)
defined, 254–255
in China, 255 , 255
diseases emerging in, 226, 271–273, 312
early locations, 255
theories of, 269–271
and tool making, 137
See also Maya civilization
clades, 58
cladogenesis, 124, 125
Clark, Desmond, 208
Clarke, R. J., 156–157, 178
classification, 24, 28–31, 30 , 58–59, 277, 278–284
See also taxonomies
clavicle, 66
climate
in Allen’s rule, 304–305, 305
and archaeological discoveries, 106, 110–111, 118
in Bergman’s rule, 304 , 304
body shape affected by, 304
and continental drift, 152
fire use favored by, 187–188and food production, 230, 235, 244, 248
and global warming, 317
human adaptation to, 50, 197, 227, 289–290,
293, 304
and human evolution, 163
Neandertal adaptation to, 193–194
primate development favored by, 57, 66,
131–132
skin color affected by, 293–296
climate change, 64, 128, 131, 134, 240–241
clines, 50, 281, 289, 294
clothing
as adaptation, 50, 290
archaeological fragility of, 188
and art, 220
in forensic anthropology, 10
in the Neolithic, 246
in the Paleolithic, 220–221, 230
and stressors, 305
Code of Hammurabi, 268
codes of ethics, 21
See also anthropology, ethical issues
codons, 34, 35 , 48
cognitive capacity, 226
Cohen, Mark Nathan, 226, 250
cold (stressor), 304–305
colonialism, 21, 74, 204, 273, 284
colonizing plants, 235, 239
color blindness, 36 , 43, 63
commercial surrogacy, 2
communication, 55, 89–95
See also language
communities (primate social units), 79–80
conflict resolution, 73, 83
Congo Heartland Project, 73–74
Conkey, Margaret, 220
continental drift, 130 , 130, 132
contract archaeology, 16, 21
convergence of behaviors, 79
convergent evolution, 127
Coon, Carleton, 290
coprolites, 110
Coulston, Frederick, 76
Crabtree, Don, 196
cranium
defined, 64
H. erectus, 179, 182 , 190, 195
human, 113
Kenyanthropus, 158
KNM ER, 181–182
Neandertal, 190, 195
primate, 64
Taung child, 178
temperature regulation in, 167
See also brains; skulls
creation stories, 28
creationism, 17
Cretaceous period, 130–131, 131
Crick, Francis, 33
Croatia, 197, 210
Crock, John, 108–109
Cro-Magnons, 204–205, 205 , 211 , 212
cross-cultural studies
in anthropology, 3, 6, 21, 24
breastfeeding, 243
fertility, 243
infants sleeping with parents, 6, 312
medical anthropology, 307
See also ethnology
CT technology, 113–114
cultural adaptation. See adaptation (cultural)
cultural anthropology, 7 , 11–13, 18, 37, 40,
99–120
See also ethnography; ethnology
cultural change, 262–269
See also adaptation (cultural); modernization
cultural relativism, 21
cultural remains, 99–102
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