Visualizing Environmental Science

Index 491

Three Gorges Dam, China, 269, 269f,

454f, 455

Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania, 434

Threshold level, 86

Tidal energy, 456, 457

Tidal pool communities, 99f

Tides, 457

Tillage, 314

Times Square, New York, 9f

Tires, recycling, 402f, 406, 408

Tokyo, Japan, 13f

Tongass National Forest, Alaska, 344,

344f

Topography, 309

and air pollution, 202–204, 203f

and precipitation, 221

and soil formation, 309

Total fertility rate (TFR), 170, 175–177

Toxicants, 77, 81–83

Toxicity, 77

Toxicology, 77

Toxic waste. See Hazardous waste

Tradable permits, 67, 68

Trade winds, 195

Transform plate boundaries, 299, 299f

Transpiration, 324

Transportation, urban, 43, 184

Tree harvesting, 326, 327f, 344

Trickle irrigation, 256

Trophic level, 103, 103f

Tropical climates, 218f

Tropical dry forest, 140, 141, 329, 330

Tropical forests, 330

Tropical rain forests, 129f, 140–142, 141f,

330

declining biodiversity in, 379, 380

deforestation, 329

loss of, 39

Troposphere, 193f

Tsunamis, 300

Tundra, 129f, 132, 132t

Turneffe Atoll, Belize, 19f

Turnovers, 143

U

Ukraine, 434, 435f

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, 231

Undernutrition, 350

United Kingdom, 13f, 26t

U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea

(UNCLOS), 291

U.N. Fish Stocks Agreement, 291

U.N. International Maritime Organization

International Convention for the

Prevention of Pollution from Ships

(MAR-POL), 287, 288

U.N. World Commission on Environment

and Development, 28

United Nations Intergovernmental Panel

on Climate Change (IPCC), 222,

223

extinction of, 378, 379f
invasive, 338, 384–385, 384f
keystone, 121, 122
number of, 374
in tropical rain forests, 141
Species richness, 374–376, 374f–376f,
376t
Spent fuel, 434, 436, 436f
Spoil bank, 304
Standing-water ecosystems, 142
Stationary sources (pollutants), 200
Steam generators, 432
Stegner, Wallace, 54
Stockholm Convention on Persistent
Organic Pollutants, 84
Storage (decommissioned nuclear
plants), 438
Stratosphere, 193f
Streams, 142, 144, 237, 237f
Strip cropping, 314
Strip mining, 304, 304f, 422
Subduction, 299
Sublethal dose, 85
Subsidence, 248
Subsidies, 291
for ethanol, 451
for fishing industry, 291
Subsistence agriculture, 354
Subsurface mining, 304, 305, 305f, 422
Succession, 151–153
primary, 152–153, 152f
secondary, 153, 153f
Sulfides, 302
Sulfur cycle, 110–111, 111f
Sulfur dioxide, 235
Sulfur emissions, 68
Sulfur oxides, 197
Summer Olympics (2004, Athens,
Greece), 100f
Sun plantations, 380
Superfund Act. See Comprehensive Envi-
ronmental Response, Compensa-
tion, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
Superfund National Priorities List,
412–413
Surface mining, 304, 304f, 422, 422f
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation
Act (1977), 308, 422
Surface waters, 245
overdrawing, 249–250
seepage of, 246, 246f
Sustainability, 12–15, 26–45
and ecosystem changes, 98
and environmental justice, 35–36
overall plan for, 36–43
values in solving problems of, 31–34
Sustainable agriculture, 360–362, 360f,
367
Sustainable cities, 43
Sustainable consumption, 28–30
Sustainable development, 28, 28f
Sustainable forestry, 325–326

Sustainable soil use, 312

Sustainable water use, 254

Swamps, 142, 145, 145f

Sweden, 34f, 343f

Switzerland, 198f

Symbiosis, 116, 117f

Synergy, 87–88

Systems perspective, 55

T

Taiga, 133. See also Boreal forests

Tailings, 307, 307f

Tallgrass prairies, 136

Tambopata River, Peru, 144f

Tantalum, 317, 317f

Tanzania

commensalism, 117f

Kilimanjaro National Park, 140f

locust swarms in, 361

used clothing market, 417f

TAO/TRITON array, 277

Taxes, environmental, 67

Taylor Grazing Act (1934), 335

Taylors Falls, Minnesota, 32f

Temperate deciduous forest, 130f, 135,

135f, 135t

Temperate grassland, 136, 136f, 136t

Temperate rain forests, 134, 134f, 134t

Temperature(s)

average monthly, 132t–137t,

139t–141t

and climate, 218

mean annual global, 222t. See also

Climate change

ocean, 290

Temperature inversion, 202, 204

Tennessee

Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains

National Park, 337f

Chattanooga, 212, 212f

Copper Basin, 296, 296f–297f, 308

Kingsport, 35f

Kingston, 418, 418f–419f

Nashville, 135t

Terracing, 314, 315f

Terrestrial biomes, 128f

Tertiary consumers, 102, 102f

Tertiary treatment (sewage), 266

Texas, 35

Thailand, 33f

Theory(ies), 18

Thermal stratification, 143

Thermodynamics, 100

first law of, 100

second law of, 101

Thermosphere, 193f

Thoreau, Henry David, 51, 52

Threatened species, 378, 390f

human causes of, 382, 384–386

protecting, 393, 393f

in the U.S., 390t