The Mismeasure of Man by Stephen Jay Gould

THE REAL ERROR OF CYRIL BURT 267 rational man. Burt attempted to commit an act of intellectual par- ricide by declaring himself, ...

268 THE MISMEASURE OF MAN sources and stated: "Surely the first formal and adequate statement was Karl Pearson's demonstration o ...

THE REAL ERROR OF CYRIL BURT 269 major theme of this book: reification—in this case, the notion that such a nebulous, socially d ...

270 THE MISMEASURE OF MAN length and leg length from, say, age ten to adulthood would rep- resent zero correlation—legs would ge ...

6 • 1 Strength of correlation as a function of the shape of an ellipse of points. The more elongate the ellipse, the higher the ...

272 THE MISMEASURE OF MAN tion to one dimension. Arm and leg length are tightly correlated because they are both partial measure ...

THE REAL ERROR OF CYRIL BURT Rogers Hornsby hit .424 (1924—I was a bratty little kid like that); others know Billy Martin only a ...

arm leg head arm leg head l.O 0.9 1 0.72 0.9 1 1. 0 0.63 0.72 0.63 1. 0 6*2 A correlation matrix for three measurements. ...

THE REAL ERROR OF CYRIL BURT We can grasp the three-dimensional case, both mentally and pictorially. But what about 20 dimension ...

2j (^6) THE MISMEASURE OF MAN first principal component would run through the middle, from head to tail, and the second also thr ...

THE REAL ERROR OF CYRIL BURT radiating from a common point. If two measures are highly corre- lated, their vectors lie close to ...

278 THE MISMEASURE OF MAN Such systems of high positive correlation are found frequently in nature. In my own first study in fac ...

THE REAL ERROR OF CYRIL BURT cent of the information in all fourteen vectors, leaving only 2.9 percent for subsequent axes. My f ...

2 SO THE MISMEASURE OF MAN Scarcely surprising. After all, large animals have large bones, and small animals small bones. I can ...

THE REAL ERROR OF CYRIL BURT^28 l ficient between scores on two tests taken by each of the one hundred persons. We have known si ...

2c? 2 THE MISMEASURE OF MAN it as nonaccidental. But we cannot infer the cause from the corre- lation, and the cause is certainl ...

THE REAL ERROR OF CYRIL BURT^283 aptitude. Two "clusters" are evident, even though all tests are pos- itively correlated. Suppos ...

284 THE MISMEASURE OF MAN dimensionality and trading some loss of information for the rec- ognition of ordered structure in fewe ...

THE REAL ERROR OF CYRIL BURT mathematics of correlation. But factors, by themselves, are neither things nor causes; they are mat ...

286 THE MISMEASURE OF MAN Charles Spearman and general intelligence The two-factor theory Correlation coefficients are now about ...