A History of the World From the 20th to the 21st Century

The Soviet leadership, after the departure in 1922 of the Japanese, the last foreign troops on Soviet territory, was able to fas ...

and ruin that for a time everything must be sub- ordinated to this fundamental consideration – at all costs to increase the quan ...

himself that it was necessary to replace the revo- lution with a one-party state. But as he conceived it there was flexibility; ...

The Tenth Party Congress of March 1921, which saw the beginnings of NEP, also, as has been noted, passed the resolutions against ...

more prominent Soviet leaders still overshadowed him. He supported a moderate internal economic policy, upheld NEP and identifie ...

impending attack by the capitalist nations; just as disastrous was the possibility that their own impe- rialist rivalry would st ...

capable of continuing at its previous pace of growth, after the first five years, given the low base from which it had started? ...

increasing shortages of goods led to multi-pricing of the same goods in ‘commercial’ shops or at arti- ficially low prices but s ...

its purpose to ‘modernise’ agriculture on a scale similar to industry. Stalin’s cure for Russia’s backward agriculture was to tr ...

discontent that coercion in the procurement of grain was producing. It was in part wishful thinking and in part a command that c ...

the Leningrad party, Sergei Kirov, who was also a member of the Politburo and hitherto a Stalin sup- porter, among those who att ...

Khrushchev admitted to the state abuse in his cel- ebrated 1956 speech. By then more than 18 mil- lion had been herded into thes ...

turn on Russia as well. When necessary, however, the Soviet Union did not hesitate to resist mili- tarily any direct Japanese at ...

In retrospect there can be no minimising the importance of one historical date – 30 January 1933, when Adolf Hitler was appointe ...

participate in the business of ruling the country. The difficulties of any party with socialist aspira- tions joining a coalitio ...

connected with, and dependent on, the backing of the Reichstag parties. When in 1928 the Socialists at last joined a broad coali ...

Hindenburg did not want Hitler to come to power. He felt a strong antipathy for the ‘Bohemian corporal’ (he was actually a Bavar ...

ent sections of the German people: the small farmers, who suffered from the agricultural depression and, later, inflation; the m ...

denominator of politics, the rule of the masses. Fascism and Nazism also appealed to the elitists, who saw themselves as leading ...

Vienna at that time. In May 1913, in his twenty- fourth year, he moved to Munich, Bavaria’s artistic capital. He lived there by ...