The Austrian side of the story, including the campaigns on the Rhine
can be followed in: S. Biro, The German Policy of Revolutionary France
1792 -17 97 (Harvard 1957); Mallet du Pan, Correspondance inedite avec Ia
cour de Vienne, 179 4-1 798 (Paris 1884); G. Rothenberg, Napoleon's Great
Adversaries: the Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army, 1792 -1814
(1982).
Biographies of the principal characters involved in the Italian campaign
include G. Derrecagaix, Le marechal Berthier, Prince de Wagram et de
Neuchatel, 2 vols (Paris 1905); Sydney ]. Watson, By Command of the
Emperor: A Life of Marshal Berthier (1957); Z. Zieseniss, Berthier (Paris
1985) Charles Thoumas, Marechal Lannes (Paris 1891); Luc Wilette, Le
marechal Lannes, un d'Artagnan sous !'Empire (Paris 1979); Andre
Laffa rgue, Jean Lannes, marechal de France (Paris 1981 ); Edouard
Gachot, Histoire Militaire de Massena, 5 vols (Paris 1908); James
Marshall-Cornwall, Massena (Oxford 1965). Saliceti and Garrau are dealt
with in]. Godechot, Les Commissaires aux armees sous le Directoire, 2 vols
(Paris 1 937). Henri Clarke comes to life in A. Dry, Soldats Ambassadeurs
sous le Directoire (Paris 1906).
Bernadotte really merits an extended bibliography of his own.
Surprisingly the best work on him has been done by British historians.
Fundamental is Sir D.P. Barton's three volumes: Bernadotte, the First
Phase 17 63-99 (1914); Bernadotte and Napoleon 17 99-1 810 (1921) and
Bernadotte, Prince and King 181 0-44 (1925). There is also Lord Russell,
Marshal of France and King of Sweden (1981). The best modern biography
is A. Palmer, Bernadotte: Napoleon's Marshal, Sweden's King (1990).
Some idea of the Gascon windbaggery of the man can be got from the
letters and dispatches collected in John Phlipart, The Memoirs and
Campaigns of Charles John, Prince Royal of Sweden (1814).
The complex relationships between Napoleon, the Directory and their
victims are laid out in R. Guyot, Le Directoire et Ia Paix de !'Europe (Paris
19rr); P. Rain, La Diplomatic Franr;aise de Mirabeau a Bonaparte (Paris
1950 ); B. Nabonne, La Diplomatic du Directoire et Bonaparte (Paris 1952);
E.Y. Hales, Revolution and Papacy (196o); G. MacLellan, Venice and
Bonaparte (Princeton 1931); P.J.M. du Teil, Rome, Naples et le Directoire
(Paris 1902).
Josephine's four months without Napoleon in March-July 1796 are
covered in An toine Arnault, Souvenirs d'un sexagenaire (Paris 1933). The
milieux in the Serbelloni and Mombello palaces are well conveyed in
Comte A.F. Miot de Melito, Memoires du Comte Miot de Melito, 3 vols
(Paris 1873). The Marmont memoirs are particularly good for the Milan
period. See also the fragments of autobiography from Antoine Hamelin,
marcin
(Marcin)
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