386 INDEX
Protestant reformation/reformation,
206-210,212,216,247,248-249
Push to language, 31 0
Qadisiya battle, 44-46
Qajar dynasty, 230, 236-238, 261,
278-279, 304, 314-315
Qiyas, 50, 96-97, 105-106
Q~ilb~h, 184,185-186,195-196,219
Qur'an
compiling, 49, 93, 94
definitive edition preparation, 55-56,
93
interpretation and, 93-94, 354
language of, 24-25
Mu' awiya's use in battle, 64
qira'ut, 29
tawhid and, 103-104
See also Hadith; Scholars
Quraysh tribe/members, 18, 21,
25-28,44,54
Qutb, Sayyid, 327, 328, 332, 343
Rabia al-Basri, 107-109, 110
Radical Islamists (today)
dress-code policy, 304-305
past and, 148, 163
secular modernism fall and, 346-347
See also specific groups; specific
individuals
Radulph of Caen, 139
Rajputs, 195
Rashid al-Din Fazlullah, 149, 155
Rida, Rashid, 268, 308
Rashidun, 33
Razi, Abu Bakr a!-, 104-105
Reform movements (Islam)
approaches overview, 251-252
reasons for, 247-251
See also Secular modernism; specific
individuals; specific movements
Refutation of the Materialists
Oamaluddin), 264
Renan, Ernest, 265
Reuters, Baron Julius de, 237-238
Revival of the Religious Sciences, The
(Ghazali), 113, 114-115
Reza Shah Pahlavi (father), 304, 310,
333-334
Reza Shah Pahlavi (son), 334, 339-340
Richard I (Lionheart), England, 147
Ridwan, 138
Rightly Guided Khalif~, 33, 65--66, 75
Roman Church
Bible interpretation, 203, 206, 207,
209
heretics and, 205, 206
hierarchy, 206
individual salvation, 166, 207-208,
209,351
reform/Protestant Reformation,
206-210,212,216,247,248-249
Roman Empire
bodyguards, 122
decline/ division, 13-14, 119, 121
legacy of, 303-304
Parthians and, 12-13
See also Byzantine Empire
Romanus Diogenes, 127
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 316, 333
Rothschild, Lord Lionel, 298
Rumi, Jalaludin-i, 170-171
Ruqayya, 54
Russia
expansion/"Great Game," 235-239,
237(fig.), 240-241, 335
Orthodox Christianity and, 235
Rustum, Sassanid commander, 44-45Sadat, Anwar a!-, 341
Safavids of Persia
art/architecture, 188-189, 194