Physical Chemistry Third Edition

202 5 Phase Equilibrium This result can be summarized:At constant temperature and pressure, any substance tends to move spontane ...

5.2 The Gibbs Phase Rule 203 equilibrium intensive state of a one-phase simple system requiresc+1 independent variables, all of ...

204 5 Phase Equilibrium b.There are five components. Although six species are present, there is a requirement of electrical neut ...

5.3 Phase Equilibria in One-Component Systems 205 PROBLEMS Section 5.2: The Gibbs Phase Rule 5.5Give the number of independent i ...

206 5 Phase Equilibrium This function is represented by acoexistence curvein the phase diagram. Figure 1.4 shows a solid–vapor c ...

5.3 Phase Equilibria in One-Component Systems 207 water on the earth except in very hot regions freezes to this form of ice, des ...

208 5 Phase Equilibrium The Clapeyron Equation In a one-component system the chemical potential is equal to the molar Gibbs ener ...

5.3 Phase Equilibria in One-Component Systems 209 Exercise 5.3 For most substances a solid–liquid coexistence curve has a positi ...

210 5 Phase Equilibrium For some solid–liquid or solid–solid phase transitions, it might be a better approx- imation to assume t ...

5.3 Phase Equilibria in One-Component Systems 211 Exercise 5.6 Compare the molar volumes of liquid water at 100◦C and water vapo ...

212 5 Phase Equilibrium Exercise 5.8 The normal boiling temperature of ethanol is equal to 78. 5 ◦C and the molar enthalpy chang ...

5.3 Phase Equilibria in One-Component Systems 213 LetP 1 be the vapor pressure whenP′P 1 ′and letP 2 be the vapor pressure when ...

214 5 Phase Equilibrium b.Is there a pressure at which the two forms could coexist at equilibrium at 298.15 K? 5.11 For the equi ...

5.4 The Gibbs Energy and Phase Transitions 215 5.23At− 78. 5 ◦C, the vapor pressure of solid carbon dioxide is equal to 760 torr ...

216 5 Phase Equilibrium it is the equilibrium phase. Above the coexistence temperature, the vapor curve lies lower, so that the ...

5.4 The Gibbs Energy and Phase Transitions 217 Consider the second derivatives of the Gibbs energy in the vicinity of a first-or ...

218 5 Phase Equilibrium 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 C 10 /J gs –1 K –1 8 6 4 2 –1.5 –0.5 0 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 –20 –10 0 10 20 30 (T–Tl)/K (T ...

5.4 The Gibbs Energy and Phase Transitions 219 EXAMPLE 5.8 Estimate the critical temperature of water by finding the temperature ...

220 5 Phase Equilibrium the following way since the curve does not represent a single-valued function: Gm(e)−Gm(a) 0  ∫Pb Pa V ...

5.4 The Gibbs Energy and Phase Transitions 221 We can use this equation to calculate∆Gfor an isothermal process at temperature T ...