308 Index
Sufism (cont’d ):
diversity, 263; Islam’s relationship to,
201, 204; and Khomeini, 193; and
Layla and Majnun legend, 194–98,
202, 204, 211; and love, 194–98, 202,
204, 210–13, 214; meaning of term,
198–99, 202; and Modernists, 232,
237, 242; and Muhammad, 215–16;
and mysticism, 200–201; and Oneness
and Unity of God, 151; Orders in,
199–200, 209, 210, 216–17, 218, 219;
origins of, 202–3; and Pan-Islamism,
231; parables about, 202–3, 206–8; and
persecution of Sufis, 216; and politics,
200, 218; as reactionary movement,
200; as religious movement, 199; and
rituals, 216–17; and self-annihilation,
203, 206, 209, 211, 212, 213, 214–15;
sexual imagery in, 211–12; and
Shariah, 202, 217; spread of, 202,
218; and Wahhabism, 244; the Way
(tariqah) in, 206–8, 209, 210, 211,
212, 214; withdrawal in, 200–201
suicide bombers, 86
Sunna (traditions), 31, 153, 163–64, 165,
232
Sunni Islam (“orthodox”): Imams in, 181;
law schools of, 165–66, 184, 186; and
Mahdi, 186; and nature and function of
Caliphate, 132; and orthopraxic reli-
gion, 144; and reunification of Mus-
lims, 137; rituals of, 181; and
successors to Muhammad, 137; and
Sufism, 215, 218; tafsir and ta’wil in,
183; Traditionalist domination in, 158;
and Wahhabism, 243
Surahs (direct revelation), 161
Syria: and Ali-Mu‘awiyah conflict, 134–35;
caravans to, 20; Christianity in, 19; and
diversity within Islam, 257; and Hasan-
Mu‘awiyah conflict, 174; and Islamic
Reformation, 257; Jews in, 122; Mahdi
in, 186; Modernism in, 236; and rebel-
lion against Yazid, 178; and Saudi Ara-
bia, 245; and successors to Muhammad,
134, 137; Sufism in, 216; and trade
routes, 27; and Umar’s defeat of
Roman army, 122; and variations in
Quran, 126; and Yazid-Husayn con-
flict, 171–73, 176
Tabataba‘i, Allamah, 181
tafsir method, 161, 183
Taha, Mahmoud Mohamed, 169
tahannuth (retreats), 17
Ta’if (city), 7, 14, 16, 27, 48
Talha Ibn Ubayd Allah, 129, 130, 134, 177
Taliban, 72, 259, 260
Talmud, 97, 167
taqlid (blind imitation of Islamic doctrine),
165, 227
tawhid doctrine, 150–51, 158, 213, 242
Ta’wil method, 161, 183, 200, 215
taxes, 26, 94–95, 123, 147, 174, 229. See also
zakat
Teresa of Avila, 212
terrorism, 79, 86, 248, 259
Tertullian of Carthage, 11
Thalabah (clan), 53
theology: interaction of law and, 144–55;
and Sufism, 201, 202; Traditionalist
influence on, 159–62. See also religion;
specific person or concept
Thomas, Bertram, 58–59
“Time of Ignorance,” 5, 8, 13, 18, 239
tithe. See zakat
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 262
topos, 21, 98
Torah, 35, 68, 96, 99, 101, 102, 103, 157,
163
torture, 84, 141, 205
totemism, 6
trade, 26–28, 82, 83. See also caravans
Traditionalists: and Ash‘arite School,
153–55; and divisions within Islam,
159–62; dominance of, 143–44,
158–62; and Islamic Reformation,
254, 263; and legal system, 169, 170;
and madrassas, 166; and reasoning-
revelation dualism, 164; and Shariah,
164, 165, 166, 169, 170; and Tradition-
alist controversy, 140–42, 143–44,
153–55, 158–59
treason, 89–91, 119
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah (628), 104–5
Trevelyan, Charles E., 223, 224, 255
tribes: alliances and affiliations among, 31;
crimes in, 30; effect of Muhammad’s
movement on, 46; and egalitarianism,
29, 31–32; and intertribal order, 31;
and Law of Retribution, 30–31; legal
code in, 31; oath of allegiance in, 30;
organization of, 29–32; as sources of
social identity, 46; and tribal cult, 46,
58; and tribal ethic, 29, 30, 31–32,
40–41, 93, 108; and Ummah as a tribe,
57–59; and war and peace, 84. See also
specific tribe