708 INDEX
Proprioceptors, 632–633
ProPTH, 367
Prorenin, 670
Prosopagnosia, 298
Prostacyclin, 563
Prostaglandin G/H synthases, 28
Prostaglandins, 28, 146, 405
pharmacology of, 28
Prostate, 402
Prostate-specific antigen, 406
Proteasomes, 18, 72
Protein, 16–17, 327, 454–457
absorption, 455–457
binding, 305–306
degradation, 18
digestion, 454–455
synthesis, 17
Protein kinase A, 56
Protein kinase C, 55
Protein metabolism, 323, 382
changes in, 323
Proteins, 614
Protodiastole, 509
Proton pump, 35
Proto-oncogenes, 43
Protoplasmic astrocytes, 80
Proximal convoluted tubule, 640
Pruritus, 168
PSA. See Prostate-specific antigen
P450scc, 344
Pseudocholinesterase cholinesterase, 135
Pseudohypoaldosteronism, 360
Pseudohypoparathyroidism, 369
Psilocin, 137
PTH. See Parathyroid hormone
PTHRP, 369–370
PTHrP. See Parathyroid hormone-related protein
Pubarche, 398
Puberty, 398–400
onset of, 398–399
Pulmonary chemoreflex, 632
Pulmonary circulation, 590, 602–604
flow, 602
gravity, 602–603
pressure, 602
pulmonary blood vessels, 602
pulmonary reservoir, 603
regulation of pulmonary blood flow, 603–604
ventilation/perfusion ratios, 603
volume, 602
Pulmonary function, 587–608
air passages, 588–590
alveolar surface tension, 596–597
blood flow, 590–591, 599
bronchi, 590
bronchial tone, 594–595
chest wall, 595–596
compliance of lungs, chest wall, 595–596
dead space, 599–600
diffusion across alveolocapillary membrane,
601–602
endocrine functions of lungs, 605–606
expiration, 591–593
flow, 602
gas exchange in lungs, 600–602
gases, properties of, 588
glottis, 594
gravity, 602–603
inspiration, 591–593
lung defense mechanisms, 605
lung volumes, 593–594
metabolic functions of lungs, 605–606
partial pressures, 588
pressure, 602
pulmonary blood vessels, 602
pulmonary circulation, 602–604
pulmonary reservoir, 603
quantitating respiratory phenomena, 588
regulation of pulmonary blood flow, 603–604
respiration, 591–600
respiratory muscles, 594
respiratory system, 588, 605–606
sampling alveolar air, 600–601
surfactant, 597–598
uneven ventilation, 599–600
ventilation, 599
ventilation/perfusion ratios, 603
volume, 602
work of breathing, 598–599
Pulmonary ventilation, 593
Pulse oximeter, 588
Pulse pressure, 544
Pumps, 33
Pupil, 181
Pupillary light reflex, 189
Pupillary reflexes, 189
Purine, 145
Purkinje cells, 254
Purkinje system, 489
Putamen, 249
Pyramidal lobe, 302
Pyrimidine transmitters, 145
Pyrin, 286Q
QS 2. See Total electromechanical systole
Quantitating respiratory phenomena, 588
Quaternary structure, 17R
Radiation, 284
Radiofrequency catheter ablation, reentrant
pathways, 501–502
Radionuclides, 579
Rafts, 44
Raloxifene, 418
Rapid eye movement sleep, 234–235
Rapidly adapting receptors, 153, 632
RAS. See Reticular activating system
Rathke’s pouch, 378
Rayleigh match, 197
Reaction time, 160
Reactive hyperemia, 579, 581
Rebound phenomenon, 258
Receptive field, 152
Receptive relaxation, 473
Receptor potential, 151
Receptors, 33, 90, 130–132, 139, 184
Receptors in airways, lungs, 632
Reciprocal innervation, 121, 161–162, 625
Recovery heat, 104
Recruitment of motor units, 105, 164
Recruitment of sensory units, 155
Red blood cells, 523
catabolism of hemoglobin, 526–527
fetal, 525–526
hemoglobin, 523
reactions of hemoglobin, 523–525
role of spleen, 523
synthesis of hemoglobin, 526
Red marrow, 522
Red reaction, 580
Reductase deficiency, 397
Reduction, 8Reentrant pathways, radiofrequency catheter
ablation, 501–502
Referred pain, 170–171
Reflex arc, 157
Reflexes, 157–166
adequate stimulus, 164
central connections of afferent fibers, 160
central excitatory, 165
control of gamma-motor neuron discharge,
161
final common path, 164–165
fractionation, 164
function of muscle spindles, 160
gamma-motor neuron discharge, 160–161
importance of withdrawal reflex, 164
inhibitory states, 165
inverse stretch reflex, 162–163
monosynaptic reflexes, 158–164
muscle tone, 163
occlusion, 164
polysynaptic reflexes, 163–164
properties of, 164–165
properties of reflexes, 164–165
reciprocal innervation, 161–162
stimulus, 164
stretch reflex, 158–164
structure of muscle spindles, 158–159
withdrawal reflex, 163–164
Reflex ovulation, 421–422
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 169
Refraction, 186
Refractory period, 87
Regional blood flow, 645
Regulated pathway, 43
Regulators of G protein signaling, 54
Regulatory elements, 11
Regurgitation, 513
Relative refractory period, 87
Relaxation heat, 104
Relaxation pressure curve, 595
Relaxed configuration, 610
Relaxin, 392
REM sleep. See Rapid eye movement sleep
Renal circulation, 643–645
Renal compensation, 616
Renal function, 639–664
abnormal Na+ metabolism, 660
acidosis, 660
adrenocortical steroids, 657–658
aquaporins, 652
autoregulation, renal blood flow, 644–645
bladder, 661–662
blood flow, 643–644
blood vessels, 642–643
capsule, 643
changes in, 647
collecting ducts, 653–654
control of, 646
countercurrent mechanism, 654–656
deafferentation, 662
denervation, 662
disordered renal function, 659–660
distal tubule, 653
diuretics, 659
emptying, 661–662
filling, 661
filtration fraction, 647
free water clearance, 657
functional anatomy, 640–643
functions of renal nerves, 644
glomerular filtration, 645–647
glomerulotubular balance, 651–652