College Physics

and (30.36) E 2 = −Z 2 22 E 0 = −^73 2 4 ⎛ ⎝ 13.6 eV ⎞ ⎠ = − 18.1 keV. Thus, E (30.37) Kα= − 18.1 keV − ⎛ ⎝− 72.5 keV ⎞ ⎠= 54.4 ...

As the x-ray energy increases, the Compton effect (seePhoton Momentum) becomes more important in the attenuation of the x rays. ...

Figure 30.29X-ray diffraction from the crystal of a protein, hen egg lysozyme, produced this interference pattern. Analysis of t ...

Figure 30.31Objects glow in the visible spectrum when illuminated by an ultraviolet (black) light. Emissions are characteristic ...

Nano-Crystals Recently, a new class of fluorescent materials has appeared—“nano-crystals.” These are single-crystal molecules le ...

those electrons originally excited to the metastable state and those that fell into it from above. It is possible to get a major ...

multiple passes of the radiation back and forth through the lasing material. One of the mirrors is semitransparent to allow some ...

There are many medical applications of lasers. Lasers have the advantage that they can be focused to a small spot. They also hav ...

Figure 30.42A CD has digital information stored in the form of laser-created pits on its surface. These in turn can be read by d ...

the film. The interference pattern is the same as that produced by the object. Moving your eye to various places in the interfer ...

nh (30.39) mev= 2πrn. Rearranging terms, and noting thatL=mvrfor a circular orbit, we obtain the quantization of angular momentu ...

PhET Explorations: Quantum Wave Interference When do photons, electrons, and atoms behave like particles and when do they behave ...

Figure 30.51The approximate picture of an electron in a circular orbit illustrates how the current loop produces its own magneti ...

Figure 30.53Fine structure. Upon close examination, spectral lines are doublets, even in the absence of an external magnetic fie ...

L= l(l+ 1)h (30.42) 2π (l= 0, 1, 2, ..., n− 1), wherelis defined to be theangular momentum quantum number. The rule forlin atoms ...

Figure 30.55represents the vectorsLandLzas usual, with arrows proportional to their magnitudes and pointing in the correct direc ...

wheresis defined to be thespin quantum number. This is very similar to the quantization ofLgiven inL= l(l+ 1)h 2π , except that ...

Figure 30.56Probability clouds for the electron in the ground state and several excited states of hydrogen. The nature of these ...

In 1925, the Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli (seeFigure 30.58) proposed the following rule: No two electrons can have the same ...

Figure 30.59The Pauli exclusion principle explains why some configurations of electrons are allowed while others are not. Since ...