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and a time interval of 30 s between images might be used. Stability of the specimen and of the microscope is extremely important ...

Fig. 4.17Multiple labelling in a living mouse brain using the ‘Brainbow’ technique. Unique colour combinations in individual neu ...

displayed as series ofZ-projections or stereo movies. Multidimensional experiments can present problems for handling large amoun ...

The rapid development of fluorescence microscopy together with digital imaging and, above all, the development of new fluorescen ...

artifacts during the experiment can obscure the true measurements. This can be achieved by staining the sample with two ion-sens ...

4.6 The electron microscope (EM) 4.6.1 Principles Electron microscopyis used when the greatest resolution is required, and when ...

ultrastructureof cells. There are two different types of electron microscope – the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and th ...

of approximately 60 nm. The ribbons of sections are floated onto the surface of water and their interference colours are used to ...

For the SEM, samples are fixed in glutaraldehyde, dehydrated through a series of solvents and dried completely either in air or ...

fixed usingfreeze substitution methods. Here fixatives are infused into the preparation at low temperature, after which the spec ...

the rapid transfer of information between laboratories across the World Wide Web. Moreover there is no loss in resolution or col ...

(a) (b) (c) Fig. 4.25Integrated microscopy. (a) Epifluorescence image and (b) and (c) whole mount TEM at different magnification ...

More detailed information on any of the microscopes and their applications in biochemistry and molecular biology can accessed on ...

Keller, P. J., Schimdt, A. D., Wittbrodt, J. and Stelzer, E. H. K. (2008). Reconstruction of zebrafish early embryonic developme ...

5 Molecular biology, bioinformatics and basic techniques R. RAPLEY 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Structure of nucleic acids 5.3 Genes and ...

development of new exciting areas of biological sciences such as biotechnology, genome mapping, molecular medicine and gene ther ...

NH 2 Purines 1 2 5 4 6 3 CH C N CNC N N HC adenine guanine cytosine Pyrimidines 7 9 8 H H 2 N CH NH 2 3 2 5 6 4 (^1) CH N C CH N ...

5.2.2 Secondary structure of nucleic acids The two polynucleotide chains in DNA are usually found in the shape of aright-handed ...

The major distinguishing feature of B-DNA is that it has approximately 10 bases for one turn of the double helix; furthermore a ...

This form of DNA was first synthesised in the laboratory and is thought not to exist in vivo. The various forms of DNA serve to ...