consent 99, 100
ethical duty of care 94±5
misconduct 34
personal accountability 96±7
personal ethics 91±3
standard of care 91, 93
near-miss reporting 248
reporting incompetence 249
resource problems 144, 146±7, 148
coercion, consent 121, 122
CommissionforHealthImprovement2CHI)
61±2, 68±9, 227, 233, 248
common law 6
communicable diseases 100±101
communication, consenting process 128
Community Health Councils 2CHCs) 56
Community 2EU) law 4±5, 7±9, 14
clinical research 263, 265, 269
community treatment, mental illness
178±80, 190±91, 192
competence, for consentseecapacity to
consent
complaints 48±9
ClinicalNegligencePre-ActionProtocol65
disciplinary issues 55
effects of responses to 49±50, 57±8
ethical aspect 58±9
health care improvement role 50, 58±9
Health Service Commissioner 53±4, 56
help for complainants 56, 235
increased importance of 50
independent care sector 54±5
independent review 51±3
and litigation 56±8, 65
local resolution 51
risk modification 230
Wilson reforms 50±53
compulsory treatment orders 178±9,
190±91, 192
confidentiality
informants 249
patients 144±5, 146±7, 154±5
consent forms 100
consent to research
ethics 126, 282, 283±4
legal perspective
children 264, 265
civil law 255±6
criminal law 255
human tissue 260±61
mental incapacity 265±6
personal information 260, 261
power imbalances 257±8
randomised control trials 258±60
consent to treatment, ethical perspective
121, 211±12
advance directives 125, 217±18
autonomy 121, 122±6, 127±8, 213
and clinical guidelines 247
coercion 121, 122
critically ill patients 211, 212±18
patient deliberation 126±7
in practice 128±9
refusal 127±8, 192, 214±17
sufficient information 126
voluntariness 121, 122
consent to treatment, legal perspective
99±100
advance directives 170, 204±6, 208, 217
battery 103, 104
best interests 107±8, 169±70, 171±2,
196±7, 204, 266
by proxy 195±6, 206
capacity101±3,105,106±7,118,167±72
critical illness 200, 202±8
MHA 109±11, 165±6, 187±8
civil law liability 79±80, 103±16, 117
criminal law 103
critically ill patients 194±208
disclosure of information 111±18, 256,
270
emergencies 104
express 100±101
forms 100
implied 100±101
incapacitated adults 101±3, 105±8, 118,
169±72, 187±8, 204±8
informed 79±80, 112, 114±15
MHA
community treatment 179±80, 190±91
ethics 185±92
refusal 109±11, 162±3, 170, 179±80,
192
s.57 treatments 166±7
s.58 treatments 163±7
s.62 emergency treatment 166±7
treatmentwithout109±11,161±3,164,
185±6, 187±8, 190±92
withdrawal 164±5
negligence 79±80, 111±16, 117
patients' questions 115±16
refusal 104±9, 169Index 297